The Maori And Indigenous People Of New Zealand Essay

â€Å"The Maori† Introduction: The Maori are an unfriendly and indigenous people of New Zealand. They are culturally related to Eastern Polynesians. They call themselves â€Å"Tongata† meaning the usual or ordinary people. My quest is to give you some insight on their infrastructure, social structure, and super structure. We will take a look at how they survived through the years and also learn about their Tapu (sacredness). Their marriage system, kinship, religious beliefs, and more will be explored. Infrastructure: Subsistence: The Maori subsistence consisted of fishing, hunting and cultivation. They were expert hunters/gatherers and fisherman. They planted potatoes, taro, yams and gourds. (Latham, C. (2009). To catch fish they would create nets and traps they also used fishing line. They Maori gathered berries, roots, shoots and shellfish. Rats were also captured and eaten. During the winter season was when hunting was most important. The Kai (food) was from the Bush Rivers and the ocean. It was distributed among the people communally. (McKerchan C., Bower S., Heta C. Signal and Matoe, L. (2015) Economy/Settlements: The Maori today is a minority making up only about 10% of New Zealand’s population. . (Latham, C. 2009) In the beginning there were two types of settlements; Pa (fortified) and Kianga (unfortified). The Pa was where the people would go during times of war; located usually on a hill protected by platforms, Earth works and ditches. The Kianga were hamlets that were aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Purpose Of This Assignment Is To Show My Understanding1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this assignment is to show my understanding of the history of Aotearoa New Zealand, its broader practice, Oceania origins and later settlement experiences. Indignity means the ancestor, the culture, the language, and the land where sending original people onto the land. There are approximately 370 million indigenous people in this world according to Cultural Survival (2017). Every group is entitled to their own way of life, their traditional lands and resources but still throug houtRead MoreEffect of Colonisation1693 Words   |  7 PagesMaori world views were encapsulated in Whakapapa, which provided them with their identity, in Whanau, Hapu, Iwi and Whenua, the land. Their world views also included believing in wairuatanga (spiritual connection to the natural environment), kaitiakitanga, which is that people are linked to all living and non – living things and it is the responsibility of the mankind to safeguard the ecosystem. In addition, they believed in oneness (kotahitanga) and manaakitanga - the ability to care for othersRead Morechallenges faced by Indigenous People1251 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The challenges faced By Indigenous Peoples in achieving justice, are both complex and extensive. These issues stem from successive centuries of asserted colonial power, which consequently has resulted in the undermining of rights for many Indigenous communities, including the Australian Aboriginal Peoples and Maori Peoples of New Zealand. Systemic abuse of power has resulted in the gradual erosion of Indigenous culture, and as thus, rights of Indigenous communities, including Intellectual PropertyRead MoreAdvantages Of Maori Culture995 Words   |  4 PagesStudent id: Q1) Advantage: Maori culture plays a vital role in growing economy. They are the inherent of New Zealand. Air New Zealand was the one who accept the Maori culture. They provide an opportunity to new Zealanders for the brand icons and even to them who are non-residential. Many of the Maori beliefs are put in practice these includes kaitiakitanga (guardianship), kotahitanga (unity), tapu (with restriction) from this it can be known that Maori people are narrate to others. Three components:Read MoreEffect of Colonisation1701 Words   |  7 PagesMaori world views were encapsulated in Whakapapa, which provided them with their identity, in Whanau, Hapu, Iwi and Whenua, the land. Their world views also included believing in wairuatanga (spiritual connection to the natural environment), kaitiakitanga, which is that people are linked to all living and non – living things and it is the responsibility of the mankind to safeguard the ecosystem. In addition, they believed in oneness (kotahitanga) and manaakitanga - the ability to care for othersRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Representation For Maori1248 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: Representation for Maori in Parliament Source Citation Douglas, G. (2010) Social and Cultural Meanings of Tolerance: Immigration, Incorporation and Identity in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 125-148. This article examines the attitudes that New Zealanders have developed in response to immigration patterns and policy. Exploring how social hierarchy and ethnicity shape immigration tolerance through economic inequality concernsRead MoreAustrali The Smallest Continent Between The Indian And Pacific Ocean And Is A Nation Of Many Contrasts1376 Words   |  6 PagesCanberra is the capital, other cities like Sydney, which is the largest city in the country, have more influence both locally and internationally. â€Å"Australia was once a British colony and after its discovery in 1788 people from Great Britain settled there. In the past decades, people from all over the world have come to Australia. Today it is a multicultural society and the continent is also one of the richest countries in the world. It produces wool and meat on one side, as well as gold, bauxiteRead MoreNew Australia And New Zealand Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pages New Zealand had often been regarded within the global community as an idyllic island paradise with very little national troubles. While the former may be true, the British colonization of new Zealand in 1841 created many problems between the british settlers and the indigenous Maori. Many of these grievances have yet to be reconciled with numerous social issues still facing urban Maori today. While is new Zealand still coming to terms with its biculturalism and addressing the issues surroundingRead MoreTourism Is A Tool Of Cultural Colonisation1341 Words   |  6 Pageslife as a national identity to be explored; this includes Maori customs as well as the relatively laid-back nature of New Zealanders. Travel guides date back to the 1830s and continue to be among the first things foreigners peruse regarding a place they are visiting. Travel guides also exist as a snapshot of the social context within which they were written. In 1959, New Zealand had a Labour-led government and a popu lation of 2,395,700 people. This government had a focus on maintaining this clean,Read MoreThe Maori Tribe Of New Zealand1556 Words   |  7 PagesThe Maori tribe arrived in New Zealand during the 13th century. Upon their arrival, the Maori people came across a land quite different from what they originally had been accustomed, learning to adapt to the new climate and the hunt for land mammals is how the tribe survive for years. The Maori people are recognized for their tribe proud spirit, great navigating skills using starts and oceans, and a sense of history that isolates them from every other tribe. The Maori indigenous people migrated

Emotional Intelligence The Intelligence Quotient Essay

Intelligence Quotient was long in the past claimed to dominantly measure the success of individual. However, that conception has been proved to be incorrect since a number of research about Emotional Intelligence were published. They have shown the significant roles of Emotional Intelligence in massive areas which outnumber Intelligence Quotient. Hospitality is among the areas surviving on customer satisfaction, so Emotional Intelligence is really essential helping employees to maintain outstanding performance and enhance relationships with customers. On the other hand, social intelligence has another area, social neuroscience, to get an insight into its nature, from which hospitality people can take advantage to manipulate emotions at the biological-deep level to reach positive social results. Emotional Intelligence, as defined by Reece (2014), is an ability to understand and employ emotional and behavioural factors to achieve success in social relationships, which is broken down into two dimensions: personal competence and social competence. While personal competence concerns the capability of navigating individual’s emotions to a direction that makes it harmonious with rational reason, social competence deals with perceiving other’s emotions to employ interpersonal skills to produce desirable outcomes. Without understanding of the relationship between our own sources of emotions and their effects on ourselves, we are not able to either manipulate them or dealing withShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence ( Eq ) And Emotional Quotient Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesBobby Lindsey Mrs. Ehlers CollegeNow Comp 151 18 September 2016 Emotional Intelligence Many people ponder about the question â€Å"What is Emotional Intelligence (EI) or Emotional Quotient (EQ) and how is it different from Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?† Many people know about Intelligence Quotient or IQ and they probably hope to have a high one, but they may not realize there is also something called EQ and it plays a role in people’s lives every day. EQ is an important concept to learn and understandRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : The Intelligence Quotient ( Iq ) Essay2044 Words   |  9 Pagessome sort of type of intelligence. Many people are familiar with the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), a tool that measures a person’s intelligence based on a series of tests (IQ, 2016), but and very few may have heard of Emotional Quotient (EQ) (also referred to as Emotional Intelligence or EI) even existed. Emotional intelligence is becoming more and more important nowadays than when it was first introduced by Dr. Daniel Goleman in 1995 in the bestseller book Emotional Intelligence, Why It Can Matter MoreRead MoreSocial And Emotional Intelligence Quotient1195 Words   |  5 PagesSocial and emotional intelligence refers to the quotient of competency one possesses in the areas of self-awareness and social awareness. With the ability to be crafted throughout the course of one’s life, SEI is a learned skill or cognitive skill. Thus, one can alter his/her social and emotional intelligence quotient (SEIQ), making it subject to either improvement or decline. SEI is divided into two separate categories of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal. The Intrapersonal category relates to one’sRead MoreThe Importance Of Emotional Intelligence And Emotional Quotient Is Influenced By People Surrounding You812 Words   |  4 PagesThe EiQ assessment was in itself a big challenge to me. I have been a rational person all my life. In my opinion, Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Quotient is influenced by people surrounding you. With this assumpt ion, I would like to review this EiQ assessment. According to the EI assessment some of my greatest emotional strengths are self-awareness, high value integrity, empathy, good impulse control, healthy coping skills and healthy level of self-esteem. I would say the result in exactlyRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Personal Intelligence1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe task to explain emotional intelligence, and give two (2) example of the concept. Second, to examine, the concept of â€Å"emotional quotient† compared to traditional â€Å"intelligence quotient.† Third to suggest two to three (2-3) reasons why leaders’ need emotional intelligence to manage today’s workforce, as well as to speculate on at least two (2) possible consequences should a leader not possess emotional intelligence. Fourth, to explore the elements of emotional intelligence that leaders must beRead MoreEssay on Emotional Inteligence1124 Words   |  5 Pagesthe idea of emotional intelligence. This concept was firstly developed by two American university professors, John Mayer and Peter Salovey (1990) and they concluded that, people with high emotional quotient are supposed to learn more quickly due to their abilities. Another psycologist named Daniel Goleman (1995) extended the theory and also made it well-known. In his articles and books, he argued that people with high emotional quotient do better than those with low emotional quotient. In this essayRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Psychological Intelligence1493 Words   |  6 Pagescalled â€Å"emotional intelligence† which puts you in tune with not only your emotions but the emotions of others as well. This paper will fully explain â€Å"emotional intelligence† along with examples of the concept, examine the theories of â€Å"emotional intelligence† compared to traditional â€Å"intelligence quotient†, suggest reasons why leaders’ need emotional intelligence in today’s workforce, speculate on the consequenc es when leaders do not possess emotional intelligence, explore elements of emotional intelligenceRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Performance And The World Of Academia Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence Introduction Traditionally, the applicant with the higher Intelligence Quotients (IQs) places first in the employment arena. However, Human Resource Managers indicate that candidates with high IQs, but less than desirable Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ) may be questionable in job performance and the world of academia. The purpose of this paper is to define, discuss, and provide examples of emotional intelligence and theories significant to the subject. AdditionallyRead MoreEmotional Quotient1145 Words   |  5 PagesSTUDY SKILLS/PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PORTOFOLIO EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENT By: Name: Andre Suryana Yahya Class: Dip15C Student No.: DipBA1509 Emotional quotient is the ability to sense, understand, and effectively apply the power of your emotions to build relationships compatibility (Estes, 2009). Emotional Intelligence is one of emotional quotient which is very important to allow us to be successful in managing our lives, environment, and the people around us since EQ will helps us to controlRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1107 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to manage one’s emotions in an intelligent manner such that they do not affect the decision-making process. It is also the ability to understand other people emotions, to know the reason for their behaviors and thus be able to communicate with them (Mayer, 2006). Emotional intelligence involves one’s proficiency in realizing and then being able to behaviors, moods and impulses and thus managing

Rediscovering SWOT Integrative Nature †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Rediscovering SWOT Integrative Nature. Answer: Introduction: There are a number of main strategy development tools which are used by organisations for determining various micro and macro factors that affect their business. The companies use these tools to create strategies for addressing current and future business issues and improving the performance of the firm. This paper will discuss three of the most common strategy development tools which are used by organisations across the globe which include Porter five forces model, Resource-based view model and SWOT analysis. In order to understand how each of these models is used, examples of companies from different industries will be analysed in the essay. This essay will evaluate the examples of Woolworths Limited, Honda and BHP Billiton for understanding Porter five forces model, Resource-based view model and SWOT analysis respectively. The five forces model was developed by Michael Porter in 1979, and it assists companies in evaluating the competitiveness of an industry. The potential entrants, substitutes, industry competitors, buyers and suppliers are included in five forces which are useful means of analysing industrial environments and these factors also assists companies in selecting effective strategies for generating a competitive advantage (Jurevicius, 2013). The competition in the industry is an important force because a large number of competitors and their capabilities threaten a corporations profitability. The potential of new entrants is increased if there is a requirement of less time and money and increase in new entrants resulted in increasing competition of an enterprise which negatively affects its growth. The power of suppliers is referred to the ability of suppliers in the industry to raise prices of goods and services (Moreno-Izquierdo, Ramon-Rodriguez and Perles-Ribes, 2016). The power of buye rs is referred to customers ability to drive up prices of products and services. Suppliers power deals with the ability of suppliers to increase the prices of raw materials or services. The threat of substitutes is referred to alternative products or services that can be purchased by customers in place of a companys products which increases competition for the firm. Example Woolworths Limited operates in Australian retailing industry and it is the second largest firm in Australia in terms of revenue. The bargaining power of suppliers low because there are a large number of suppliers available in the industry and the company enters into a contract with them due to which they cannot hike their prices (Arli et al., 2013). The power of customers is low to medium because there are no switching costs for customers. However, customers rely on Woolworths because it offers high quality fresh food products. The threat of new retailers is low because initial investment is high and heavy competition from established market leaders such as Coles, ALDI, Big W and others (Keith, 2012). The threat of substitutes is low to medium because customers can easily purchase products from Woolworths competitors. The competition rivalry is high in the sector because a large number of competitors operate which offers competitive pricing such as Coles, Big W and ALDI. Resource-based View Model Analysis Resource-based view (RBV) model is used while analysing and interpreting resources of a company in order to understand how organisations achieve a sustainable competitive advantage in the industry. The RBV model primarily focuses on the theory of difficult-to-imitate characteristics of an enterprise for analysing sources which have superior performance capabilities which result in providing a competitive advantage of the firm (Nason and Wiklund, 2018). Resources which not be purchased by an enterprise and require an extended learning curve are more likely to be customised as per the companys requirements, and they are more difficult to be imitated by the competitors. The RGV model focuses on an inside-out look at the companys resources and analyses why they succeed or failed in the marketplace. Resources which pass the VRIO model have characteristics of generating a competitive advantage. Both tangible and intangible resources can provide a competitive advantage to an enterprise. The VRIO model analyses resources which are valuable, rare, inimitable and organised (Bromiley and Rau, 2016). This model is used by the top-level management, and they use it by analysing attributes of different resources of the firm and leveraging the once which incorporates characteristics of VRIO model. Example Honda is one of the largest engine manufacturers in the world, and it uses RBV strategy to maintain its competitive advantage in the industry. The company has developed a business strategy which revolves around its strength, expertise and capability in building petrol based engines. The corporation started its operations by building small clip-on engines for bicycles. It expanded its operations by manufacturing engines for scooters and motorbikes. Based on the effectiveness of its resources, the corporation started launching generators, marine engines, car engines, lawn and garden equipment and jet planes (Madhani, 2010). Each of these products required different levels of experience and product knowledge, however, Honda leverages its unique capability to build world-class petrol based engines. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method which is used by organisations for evaluating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a business. It assists in analysing factors that affect the success or failure of our business. The strengths and weaknesses of an enterprise are its internal factors whereas opportunities and threats include external factors (Bell and Rochford, 2016). The internal strengths of a company include positive working environment, leadership effectiveness, and human resource abilities. External opportunities include changing interest rates, relaxation in government regulations, and high competition. This model is used by top-level management of a company. It assists management in developing business strategies that are based on their internal strengths and external opportunities which assist them in improving their profitability and generating a competitive advantage. Example BHP Billiton is an Anglo-Australian mining, metal and petroleum company. The company uses SWOT analysis while developing future business strategies. The strengths of BHP include strong market position, diversified revenue stream, strong international presence, strong workforce and effective corporate social responsibility structure which positive influence its brand image (Pellegrino and Lodhia, 2012). The companys weaknesses include past workplace accident cases which affect its brand image and government intervention in operation. External opportunities include expansion in copper and coal sector, acquisition of smaller enterprises, and associations with global companies. External threats include a reduction in export demand in foreign countries due to improvement in in-house production and intense competition (Floris, Grant and Cutcher, 2013). In order to address these issues, the company focuses on acquiring small enterprises, and it uses effective marketing scheme to in crease its international market. In conclusion, management uses different strategy development tools for analysing micro and macro factors that influence a firms operations. Effective evaluation of these tools provides crucial information to the management which assists them in selecting competitive strategies. Porters five forces framework, Resource-based view model and SWOT analysis are three of the most common strategy development tool which enables management in developing strategies that are focused to addressing business issues and generating a competitive advantage for the company. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R. and Soldo, E. (2013) Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Bell, G.G. and Rochford, L. (2016) Rediscovering SWOTs integrative nature: A new understanding of an old framework.The International Journal of Management Education,14(3), pp.310-326. Bromiley, P. and Rau, D. (2016) Operations management and the resource based view: Another view.Journal of Operations Management,41, pp.95-106. Floris, M., Grant, D. and Cutcher, L. (2013) Mining the discourse: Strategizing during BHP Billiton's attempted acquisition of Rio Tinto.Journal of Management Studies,50(7), pp.1185-1215. Jurevicius, O. (2013) Porters Five Forces. [Online] Strategic Management Insight. Available at: https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/porters-five-forces.html [Accessed 19 April 2018]. Keith, S. (2012) Coles, Woolworths and the local.Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies,2, pp.47-81. Madhani, P.M. (2010) Resource based view (RBV) of competitive advantage: an overview. The ICFEI University Press. Moreno-Izquierdo, L., Ramn-Rodrguez, A.B. and Perles-Ribes, J.F. (2016) Pricing strategies of the European low-cost carriers explained using Porter's Five Forces Model.Tourism Economics,22(2), pp.293-310. Nason, R.S. and Wiklund, J. (2018) An assessment of resource-based theorizing on firm growth and suggestions for the future.Journal of Management,44(1), pp.32-60. Pellegrino, C. and Lodhia, S. (2012) Climate change accounting and the Australian mining industry: exploring the links between corporate disclosure and the generation of legitimacy.Journal of Cleaner Production,36, pp.68-82.

The network society Essay Example

The network society Paper With this rise in the service sector employment there was an inevitable rise in stability in that sector. However this, lead to an increase in both upper and lower levels of the occupational structure. There was an upgrade of the occupational structure in terms of jobs that require increased skill and higher levels of information. (Castells, M. 1996: pp229) The dominance of service sector employment through information technology has lead to significant managerial developments. Call centres and telecentres are workplaces, which are designed and operate with the aim of providing telephonic customer service. These workplaces depend upon state of the art communication and information technology. (Wyatt et. al, 2000: pp184) By incorporating these technologies into the once purely human service the employer is able to monitor the agents efficiency and output in terms of customer interaction. The demand of for customer service outside working hours (Wyatt et. al 2000: pp185) has actually reshaped the working day of the call centres agents and in doing so they have reshaped and it could be said that they have taken control of their social patterns. We will write a custom essay sample on The network society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The network society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The network society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ambition to make every form of work controllable in order to gain a clear indication of efficiency, which can be accounted for on balance sheets, has been an ongoing process since the industrial revolution. This goal of achieving some sort of measurement system has always been achieved through technology. The question is can we attach any form of economic valuation system to a human service? The technology that is used in telecentres are being specifically designed to supply demands for technology which will be able to generate high levels of management information on performance of the individual telecentre agents (Wyatt et. al 2000: pp186) The unpredictability of the of human element in the workplace has been a taunting management ever since the workplace came into being and attempts of gaining control has been pursued ever since. Here again we see the controlling feature of a capitalist system. The question lies whether this was the reason for the transformation. Previous control of efficiency and output was gained trough the commitment of the worker which was determined by job satisfaction, in these call centres however the commitment toward the job is gained through control which is achieved by the monitoring which are common on a Fordist assembly line. In a common factory setting the worker is required to detach himself from his emotional state and attitude and adopt one that will allow them to perform the job most efficiently, this system is being brought into service sector employment by training the agents on specific techniques and attitudes in order to achieve maximum output. There isnt so much a move from manufacturing sector employment to service sector employment but merely a transformation of the service sector to ensure the control and output principals that the manufacturing sector works under. With this flexibility that the network society demands comes the issue of weakening of social intuitions and organisations that served to speak for the worker and even represent the worker. With outsourcing and contractual employment there has been a significant reduction of representation power. The fragmentation of work makes the worker to an extent expendable hence removing their control of the job itself. This fragmentation coupled with the outsourcing of labour renders unions and those they represent powerless. Castells also claims that the unions inability of unions to adapt to the changing worker and organisation has rendered them powerless. He goes on to emphasis that the new network technologies could be just as helpful the unions as it is to organisations in that they can organise labour anywhere and any time. (Castells, M. 1996: pp278). There is said to be strength in numbers, and the capitalist system has noticed this and adopted the warfare strategy of divide and conquer by this I mean there has been a polarisation of the individual in the work environment. With heightened surveillance options at their fingertips management has no need to have workers collectively together to ensure supervision hence work is organised to ensure greater autonomy. It is this transformation of work, the individualisation of labour that Castells (1996) underscores in his work on the Information Age (Castells, M. 1996: pp265). Castells emphasises that this technological transformation especially exacerbates the trend towards increased flexibility of labour. This flexibility is hidden behind the illusion of home-based work and the ability for a work environment to co-exist in a social environment. Capitalism deceptive nature is thus shown again. From control of the occupational environment capitalism goes to the next stage with an attempt to control the culture of society. Culture plays a vital role in the way we think which determines what we consume. The capitalist system has used technology of the Network Society to shape our cultures to suit their needs and objectives. It is an indirect way of shaping and directing our thoughts and emotions. According to Castells our culture is shaped by communication. Previously our languages were our form of communication in the written and heard form, however with the emergence of network technologies the earliest of which was the television (networked through the media channels) the heard written and seen are combined in order to grant the ability to convey views, beliefs and emotions (Castells, M. 1996: pp328-329). Through his writing on The culture of real virtuality Castells shows how communication technologies have become part of our lives (Castells, M. 1996: pp327-375). He however fails to address the avenue of the liberation of society due to the abundance of information and media avenue available. I on the other hand feel that it should be address due to the fact that people have that frame of mind instilled in them which is misleading. Sure there is the element of choice in the media and we choose what we watch, but the communication industry, mainly the media (which includes the internet) is a business like any other and it will broadcast what is profitable. This profitability is determined by information on individuals. It acts on human characteristics such as curiosity and amazement. So whatever amazes us and whatever we enquire about is always best for us. By feeding human character traits our thoughts and in turn our cultures are reshaped to that which exists in the virtual world and suits the capitalistic system. Pierre Levys book, Cyber Culture, (Levy,P : 1997) provides one of the most coherent and persuasive expressions of the contemporary technocultural vision. Levy argues that knowledge is no longer abstract but has become the visible and the tangible expression of the individual and groups who inhabit it; interactive networks work towards the personalisation or incarnation of knowledge (Levy, P. 1997: pp184). This ability to reshape our cultures in effect influences and affects our political ideals. The ability of the Networks and Society to be accessed by politicians has made it a vital breeding ground for election campaigns. The media space has become a battlefield for politicians with weapons such as negative messages, scandal, spin, political marketing and legitimacy (Castells, 1996 : pp362). The political struggle is dependent on the media to such an extent that the media determines consequences, actions and ideals. (Castells. 1996 : pp476). This leads me to the issue of access to the media; by this I mean that media campaigns cost allot money and if the outcome of a campaign is determined by the best media campaign, which in effect depends on the availability of capital, we can assume that those with the money determine political outcomes. We covered all the elements of the network society except for the concept of time which is linked to Castells theory of the space of hows. I have left these two aspects to the end because they actually reveal the capitalist ambitions for control through the network society. Time and space has always been factors of production, which have only been regarded as such fairly recently. New technologies and initially compressed geographical space by reducing relay time of communication. The whole ordering of meaningful events looses its internal chronological rhythm, and becomes arranged in time sequences depending upon the social context of their utilisation (Castells, M. 1996: pp462). Here we see that time itself, an uncontrollable element of human existence, which was thought to be uncontrollable is manipulated to suit consumer trends in order to achieve the ultimate goal of the capitalist system. The capitalist system has thus gained control of the time, which governed the consumers purchasing habits. With new network technologies there is now a twenty-four hour day, which does not consist of, designated times to do specific tasks (Evident in the flexible workers of the network society). This pursuit for control has lead to the relinquishing of control that space has over us. This has lead to the movement from Castells (1996) space of places to the space of flows (Castells, M. 1996: pp276). Space has been a concept, which has been used to emphasize time simultaneity which is based on physical distance between actions, which determine the ability to accomplish various tasks simultaneously. This concept however has changed with technology in the sense that the ability to accomplish more than one task at the same time is no longer bound by vicinity between tasks (Castells, M Inch. 2003: pp56). This space of flows is not just about telecommunication technology but also the pursuit of technology to link places together to achieve the common ambition (eg. Stock Markets). Castells argues that the reason access to this technology in order to form part of the network is not a matter of availability but a matter of choice (Castells, M Inch.2003: pp58). He emphasises the fairness of the space of flows by stating that the first is linked to the third world via the space of flows. This justification however is sceptical and contradicts with his theory of nodes (Castells, M. 1996: pp413). Castells space of flows is made up of nodes. These are information gathering, communication and analysis hubs. These nodes are dependant upon the Network and their inclusion in the network is determined by their value to the network (Castells, M. 1996: pp413). My argument lies in Castells (1996) mentioning the link between the first world and third world, if inclusion into the network is determined by the value to the network then it isnt a matter of fairness but a matter of exploitation, something that has been common in capitalist systems. Under ideals and principles of a capitalist system, from evidence throughout the essay we can see capitalisms fundamental tool, which is control, has been a result or cause for the various elements of the Network Society. So as a concluding point, I would say that the Network Society is a more advanced form of capitalism, which is international, and carefully hidden. IOLS 2B Technology and Work Essay Name : Kubendran Govender Student Number : 202522553 Topic : Castells Network Society. REFERENCE 1. Castells, M. (1985) High Technology, space and society sage publications, inc 2. Castells, M (1996) The rise of the network society Blackwell publishers. 3. Castells, M and Inch (2003) Conservation with Manuell Casteller- blackwell publishers.4. Levy, P (1997) Cyberculture Paris, Edisions Odile Jacob 5. Stanier, T (1983) the wealth of information: a profile of the Post industrial economy London Methusen 6. Susser, I (2002) the Castells reader on cities and social theory Blackwell publishers. 7. Sylvia Downs, (1982) who learns whom training and development 8. Visvanathan, S (2001) knowledge and information in the network society http://www. indiaseminar. com 15/09/03 9. Webster, F (2002) Routledge 10. Wyatt et al (2000) technology and inequality Routledge.

August Wilsons Fences essays

August Wilsons Fences essays It is easy to make the case that August Wilson's play Fences is a tragedy and that Troy Maxson is its tragic protagonist. Few comedies end with a funeral, and there is no denying that Troy's character and life are the stuff of tragedy. But Wilson's vision is much larger than Troy's heroic side, his deeds and omissions. Troy, for all his strengths, is flawed humanity in need of grace and forgiveness. Such grace and forgiveness are the spirit of true comedy, and a case can be made for viewing Fences as a comedy or, perhaps, a metacomedy. The term is taken from Christopher Isherwood, who took it from Gerald Heard: "I think the full horror of life must be depicted, but in the end there should be a comedy which is beyond both comedy and tragedy. The thing Gerald Heard calls 'metacomedy' [...]" (421). Metacomedy, then, is a vision that transcends the immediately comic or tragic. It is not evasive and it has room for pain, for heartache, for alienation, even for death, because it affirms the values of mercy, forgiveness, and sacrifice, which adversity calls forth. For a religious person, metacomedy is what Christopher Fry called a "narrow escape into faith" and a belief in "a universal cause for delight" (17). Fry's metaphor for life is a book of alternating pages of tragedy and comedy. As we read (that is, live) the book, we are anxious about what the last page will be. The comic vision holds that on the last page all will be resolved in laughter (17). The essence, therefore, of metacomedy is hope, and Fences is a lesson in hope. First there is hope for a better future for African Americans and by extension, for all humankind. If we view Troy's earthly life as an autonomous whole, we are looking at an ultimately tragic book of life. But if we view Troy's life as a page in an ongoing saga, perhaps we can see it not only as a prelude to a happier time but as a success story of itself. George Meredith advises us that to love comedy...

Terrifying Tales of Terrible Terror! (4 Tips on Writing a Scary Story)

Terrifying Tales of Terrible Terror! (4 Tips on Writing a Scary Story) Terrifying Tales of Terrible Terror! (4 Tips on Writing a Scary Story) If you’re too old for trick or treating but want to have fun on Halloween, trading ghost stories with friends is a great alternative (it’s also how Mary Shelley came up with Frankenstein). I feel so pretty. But what if you and your friends are all too brave for old yarns about ghosts and ghouls to rattle you? Well, you could invent a scary story to set spines tingling using these (terrifying) writing tips. 1. Not Peanut Butter! Anything but Peanut Butter! We’re all scared of something, whether it’s the dark, giant spiders or getting peanut butter stuck to the tops of our mouths. (We’ll confess that the last of those is quite niche.) The horror! The horror! A good place to start with a scary story is therefore your own fears and anxieties, since it’s far easier to find the dark corners of a situation when it’s based on something personal. 2. Don’t Panic, Guys, It’s Just a Kitten. What? No! Get Off Me! AAAAARGH! Another possibility is to make something familiar from everyday life threatening. Examples include Alfred Hitchcock’s The Birds and roughly 75% of Stephen King’s written output. Try considering things in your environment that you usually take for granted, then use â€Å"what if?† style questions to come up with a situation in which they suddenly become deadly! Questions like: What if kittens had laser eyes? 3. We’re Trapped! One very effective way of adding tension to a story is to trap your characters somehow, such as being locked in a haunted building or lost in a forest with something that is hunting them. Alternatively, you could â€Å"trap† your characters by stripping them of something they rely on. Being chased by a serial killer? It’d be a terrible shame if your phone didn’t work and you couldn’t call for help. Something wicked lurking in the shadows? I’m sure you’ll be fine as long as the lights don’t go out†¦ *fzzzt-pop!* Oops. Should have changed that bulb before opening a portal to the dark realms, shouldn’t you? 4. WE’RE ALL GONNA DIE! An important aspect of telling a scary story – and storytelling in general – is â€Å"show, don’t tell.† This means that you shouldnt be too direct, like openly stating that a character is scared: â€Å"Upon feeling the peanut butter on the top of his mouth, Duncan started to panic.† Instead, you should try to bring situations to life by describing them as they are experienced by the characters: â€Å"Duncan bit into the sandwich and immediately froze. A bead of sweat ran down his forehead as he felt the sticky, nutty evil spread through his mouth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Open wide! Bwa-ha-ha-ha! Telling the story this way can also make your characters seem more real, thereby encouraging your audience to care about them and what they’re feeling. Get this right and you should have a scary story that will haunt the dreams of even the bravest reader!

Wynn Las Vegas Functional Strategy Audit Assignment

Wynn Las Vegas Functional Strategy Audit - Assignment Example The latter will build on the initiative of the corporate stage to align the strategies. The strategies at the business level mainly center on navigating within the market systems whereas, at the corporate level, the strategies concentrate on defining the market. In addition, the policies at the functional level are responsible for complementing the strategies at the business and corporate levels. The strategies at the enterprise level in Las Vegas will mainly address issues on performance. Entities focus on a particular market, product or even an industry. The unit has strategies as well as competitors. The strategies here will center on a particular line of service or product for that matter. They involve decisions in regard to these services or products. To achieve this, the business will analyze the target customers. These persons exist either as groups or individuals. Getting to understand their needs and suggestions is at the core of the strategies. They are the end users and know best how they need the service. That goes hand in hand with the plan on pricing of the products. It should be wholly inclusive to accommodate discounts, bonuses, variations on premiums and promotions. Having a favorable deal will increase customer trust as well as reliability. Issues of strategies of operation culminate around the choice of locating the business and embracing technology in the delivery of the services. For example, is the current location of the Wynn suitable to meet its future aims? A proper location will include one that is accessible to the consumers, to the workers and has an affordable network of transportation. The integration of information technology will ensure accurate delivery of services in a shorter while. Further, there is need to have people well acquainted with the use of the new technologies (Consultants, 2015). The preceding couples with the use of the internet for communication with customers on new products and

News Article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

News Article - Assignment Example very essential in determining the STD that one may be infected with as both viral and bacterial STDs have different treatment methods and some have may have no symptoms, but attack when it is too late. The issue on STD transmission, treatment, and prevention is covered in the biology concepts and connections chapter 27.7. As the article notes, a part from the viral and bacterial STDs, fungi and other organisms can csues some STDs. The article suggests that knowing the cause of the STD would make it much easier to treat, with the most common STD cause being bacteria that affects over 90 million people globally. The article reports that one advantage of bacterial STDs is that they are curable, comparing the viral STDs such as AIDs that has defied any treatment methods. Gonorrhea and syphilis are examples of bacteria transmitted STDs. Therefore, knowing the actual cause of the STD makes it much easier to and prevents cases of misdiagnoses. Lack of enough knowledge about these diseases may be fatal and lead to complications in late stage of some such as syphilis that may attack that nervous system. The article has some scientific facts. The article assesses the main pathogens of many STDs and tries to differentiate them through elaborating on the nature of STDs. Similarly, the article calls for care when dealing with STDs; some are contagious and finally stresses on the need to go for necessary test to determine the actual STD in question. Understanding STDs and the Importance of Regular Testing, Mod to Modern, 24March, 2013 http://www.modtomodern.com/understanding-stds-and-the-importance-of-regular-testing/ (accessed, 12th April,

The price at the gas Essay Example for Free

The price at the gas Essay The price at the gas pump seems outrageous as the national average price per gallon hits $3. 09, but the real tragedy of the rising prices is in the unseen affects across the spectrum of daily life. While several surveys have said people are not changing much due to the rising cost of gas, they are doing some things and the rising cost of gas has affects that people do not even realize. In some cases, the effect of the effect is the real news. At the grocery store, people are not even equating the rising cost of groceries with the cost of fuel, but it is a major factor. Consciously or not, people are traveling less and putting off other expenditures because they are spending so much more on gas. The rising cost of gas is affecting the amount people spend on groceries, the amount they travel and the amount they spend on other things. It’s easy not to think about the rising cost of gas as it relates to the rising cost of groceries, but in some markets the increase has been dramatic and the cost of gasoline and other fuels are a factor in the price increases. Last week, the U. S. Department of Agriculture estimated that the cost of making a Thanksgiving dinner was up 11 percent over the same dinner last year. With some items the price increase is only a few cents, but over the course of a holiday meal or a month’s worth of groceries, the difference is very noticeable. Strangely, efforts to reduce the cost of gasoline may also be contributing to the rise in prices at the grocery store. Many of our food products are animal based, eggs, milk, cheese and meat at the very least. All of these products rely on the animal being fed, usually a mixture of corn and other things, but because of the demand for corn to make ethanol, the price of feed corn has skyrocketed. An effort to reduce the cost of fuel in one area passes it on in another means. Based on personal observation, costs of dairy products are up an average of 25 percent over last year. While consumers realize it or not, the cost of gasoline is affecting them at the grocery store. Another effect of the high price of gasoline is the choice to make fewer trips. This means that people are not simply running to the store for every little thing they need or are going to only one store instead of shopping around. It means a late night snack attack will usually have to be met by whatever is in the house and it means that people are planning their spending more wisely. By taking fewer random trips to the grocery store and other stores, impulse shopping is reduce and the entire economy is affected by the price of gasoline. Furthermore, people take fewer random pleasure trips when the price of gasoline is high. Deciding to drive an hour or so to go to a concert or another event takes on a new dimension when the cost of actually getting there has to be considered a major expense. When people do decide to travel, they are travelling to areas closer to home. This has an interesting economic effect. Smaller, more out of the way travel destinations may see an increase in business as people try to find vacations close to home, but traditional resort destinations may see significant reductions in the number of visitors because of the cost of travel. Additionally, some people may elect not to have a vacation at all. With the rising cost of gas and its effects on the costs of other items, many people are choosing to forgo vacations and luxury purchases because their disposable income level is dropping. People are choosing more fuel efficient vehicles over luxury cars and many are choosing to eat at home instead of having dinner out. Even the important things, like oil changes and other car repairs are sometimes being put off indefinitely because people are spending more on gas. It may not seem like a few cents more at the pump would make a huge difference, but when added to the other things that are affected by the price increase, it means people simply have less money. The first visible effect of having less money was the move to more fuel efficient vehicles. It meant that the ultra big sports utility vehicles which had been in their heyday were suddenly being traded in mass for smaller, cheaper and more fuel efficient vehicles. Suddenly, Americans were more concerned about where every penny was going, some without even realizing why. Ultimately, it doesn’t seem like a big deal – a few extra pennies per gallon at the gas station, but then it began to build. The rising cost of gasoline and the devotion of corn to ethanol production drove up the price of food. Then, people stopped driving as much, making fewer trips to the store and other places because they wanted to save money and that meant fewer impulse purchases. Finally, the impact of rising gasoline prices made a significant dent in the average pocketbook and Americans had to find other ways to save, by cutting back on luxuries, forgoing unnecessary expenses, or putting off necessary expenses in hope that a time would come when things might be more affordable. Suddenly, in the big picture, that few extra cents hurts a lot.

Significance of the Attire of Men and Women in the 18th Century Essay

Significance of the Attire of Men and Women in the 18th Century The attire of men and women in the eighteenth century cemented the roles they were supposed to play. The style of made dress belied his nature as somewhat more free from restrictions whereas the woman, bound by corsets and strict dress-codes found herself held back in clothing as in society. A sphere of influence, behavior and conduct was assigned to both sexes; each was valued for different qualities. These gender distinctions do not allow any overlap between the two sexes. (Marsden, 21) In light of this, society viewed cross-dressing (the practice of one gender dressing themselves in the attire of the other) as a threat to its own structure. For a woman to forsake the clothes and character of women for that of men sounded monstrous. Such a practice would create sexual ambiguity - a woman would assume the clothes of a man and thus the manner and actions of a man, yet her physical nature denied her that right. Cross-dressing creates monstrations - a woman ceases to be a woman after she has assumed male garb and can never hope to be a man. An aversion to cross-dressing has its roots in the Bible: "The women shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment; for all that do so are abomination unto the Lord thy God" (qtd. in Garber, 28). On August 13, 1597 Queen Elizabeth announced a sumptuary (dealing with attire) proclamation which defined the "separate categories for men's and women's apparel: each took the form of a long list of proscribed items of dress with an indication of who alone was permitted to wear them" (Garber, 26). This law sought to prohibit the rise in classes that was transpiring - ambitious ind... ...both may wear the prototypical shirt and pants}, the gender distinctions become blur. Men feared the idea of women as sexually aggressive as men - or perhaps worse, women who pursued other women. mite simply, the idea of 'gender-swapping' caused fear and anger. Individuals designed the practice to work outside of the uniform social structure; such actions were seen as threats to the social structure. Thus, society acted strictly towards those who thought themselves 'above' social gender laws. Works Cited Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross Dressing and Cultural Anxiety. New York: Routledge. 1992. 21-41, 211-215. Marsden, Jean I. "Modesty Unshackled: Dorothy Jordan and the Dangers of Cross-Dressing." Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture vol. 22. Ed. by Patricia B. Craddock and Carla H. Hay. East Lansing, Michigan: Colleagues Press Inc. 1992. 21-36.

Walking Dead Syndrome

THE WALKING DEAD SYNDROME English 150 Instructor: S. Jone November 7, 2011 The Walking Dead Syndrome Introduction The Walking Dead syndrome is considered a rare disease. I believe everyone in this existence has a purpose on this vast place we call earth. However, there are people diagnosed with a syndrome who believe they have no soul or convinced themselves they are dead. The â€Å"Walking Dead Syndrome† is also commonly known as â€Å"Cotard’s Syndrome†. In this paper, I will refer this syndrome as â€Å"Cotard’s syndrome†. Cotard’s syndrome is linked with other mental illnesses which could explain a person’s state of mind of feeling non-existent in society. I will further discuss eight aspects of this syndrome: defining the Walking Dead Syndrome, defining mental illness, description of several mental illnesses associated with this syndrome, classifications of Cotard’s syndrome, analysis of patients, diagnosis of syndrome, and types of treatments available for patients. Defining Walking Dead Syndrome or Cotard’s Syndrome Many people I discussed this topic with never heard of the â€Å"Walking Dead Syndrome†. The Walking Dead Syndrome was first created by French neurologist, Jules Cotard, hence, named the â€Å"Cotard’s Syndrome†. He was a French neurologist who first described this psychiatric condition. First reference to the syndrome was made in the year 1880, when Jules Cotard gave a lecture in Paris. In this lecture, he described various degrees of the syndrome, while he said that a person who resorts to despair and self-hatred begins in the early stages of this disorder. With deterioration, the person might go to the extent of denying the very existence of himself or herself. There are detached from the sense of existence of self (â€Å"Cotard Syndrome† 2010). Patients portray themselves similar to the concept of â€Å"zombies†. Hollywood has portrayed horror and science fiction based movies on â€Å"zombies† or the â€Å"walking dead†. In the movies, zombies are typically mean and fond of human flesh, they groan and cannot talk, have incredible strength, and display rotting flesh. A zombie is physically identical to a normal human being, but completely lacks conscious experience. If we suddenly lost our minds, or consciousness our bodies might continue to run on for a while, our hearts might continue to beat, we might breathe while asleep and digest food. But without the contribution made by minds, behavior could not show characteristically human features. In the Urban Dictionary, 1999-2011, a zombie is defined â€Å"as deceased human being who has partially returned to life due to undeterminable causes. The brain retains base facilities, namely gross motor function. In its near-mindless state, it grasps no remains of emotion, personality, or sensation of pain. In rare cases, some of the reanimated have reflexively preformed routine activities from their past lives†. The people diagnosed with Walking Dead Syndrome have similar portrayals including not having internal organs and smelling of rotting flesh. A hypothetical analogy can be explained when most of us have woken up after a really good night out. Our first drive in the morning was motivated by a desire for food and coffee. If we as a society experience a chemical or radiological contamination, we might be experiencing the hangover from hell. Our higher thought would be destroyed, the neural system would be degraded, and leave just the body running on its primary functions. Defining Mental Illness Since the beginning of man, I think there has been mental illness, and chemical imbalance generates a huge part, and some people just do not have the ability to use parts of their brain for reason and logic. According to to Sorrentino, Wilk, and Newmaster (2009), a mental illness can be: â€Å"caused by a combination of genetic, biological, personality, and environmental factors, is a disturbance in a person’s ability to cope with or adjust to stress; the person’s thinking, mood, and behaviours are affected, and functioning is impaired †¦mental illnesses affect people of all ages, culture, and educational and income levels. The onset of most mental illnesses occurs during adolescence and young adulthood† (p. 641). Most mental illnesses are brought on by the stresses of life, money, property, and consumption. Having a mental illness varies from person to person and if you cannot go about your day as you normally would due to a condition then it is a mental illness. An example would be having an â€Å"anxiety disorder†, and if you cannot leave your house anymore due to petrifying fear, then there is clearly a problem. Unless of course you cannot recognize that you are having problems and you are posing a threat to yourself or others, then you can be forcibly placed under the guidance of a psychologist. Mental illness can be contributed to either biological, psychological, and environmental factors. The biological factors can be attributed to genetics or â€Å"mental disorders tend to run in families, suggesting a hereditary factor†¦the number of close relatives a person has who suffer from depression or other mood disorders is the best predictor of the likelihood that the individual will develop a mood disorder† (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009, p. 385). In addition, psychological aspects can be contributed to emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and the environmental causes can be defined as a person living in poverty or substance abuse. Mental Illnesses Associated with Cotard’s Syndrome People diagnosed with the â€Å"Cotard’s Syndrome† have been treated for a mental illness or combination of bi-polar, delusions, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder, to name a few. The major mental illnesses are painful, pervasive, disruptive and usually disabling. Firstly, a â€Å"bi-polar disorder† is defined as â€Å"a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function† (Sorrentino, Wilk, Newsmaster, 2009, p. 651). Whereas, â€Å"delusions† are the â€Å"false beliefs that are firmly held† (Purse, 2011). An example is a person who has grandeur delusions or has paranoid tendencies. In the grandiose subtype, the person is convinced that he has some great talent or has made some important discovery, they have an inflated sense of self-worth. In addition, their delusions center on their own importance, such as believing that they have done or created something of extreme value or think they have a â€Å"special mission†. There is reference to another type of delusion known as â€Å"nihilistic delusions†. This type of delusion describes a person â€Å"focused on the individual’s body, including loss of body parts, being dead, or not existing at all† (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, & Audenaert, 2011). Furthermore, Cotard syndrome created a new type of depression which â€Å"is described as anxious melancholia, ideas of damnation or rejection, insensitivity to pain, delusions or nonexistence concerning one’s own body, and delusions of immorality† (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, & Audenaert, 2011). This type of delusion is a major attribute of Cotard’s syndrome. Thirdly, â€Å"schizophrenia† which â€Å"is an extremely complex mental health disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbances in thinking, and withdrawal from social activity† (Sorrentino, Wilk, Newsmaster, 2009, p. 55). News and entertainment media tend to link mental illnesses including schizophrenia to criminal violence. Most people with schizophrenia, however, are not violent toward others but are withdrawn and prefer to be left alone. Lastly, â€Å"schizoaffective disorder† is described as a â€Å"person having symptoms of both schizophrenic and bipolar disord er† (Purse, 2006). Some disorders will cause parts of the brain to stop performing their normal functions. These can leave people out of control and disoriented (not knowing what they themselves are doing). Classifications of Cotard’s Syndrome In its early stages, Cotard’s syndrome is characterized by vague feeling of anxiety with a varying time span from weeks to years. This anxious state gradually augments and can result in nihilistic delusions where denial of life or denial of body parts are the prominent features. The patient loses sense of reality. Despite the delusion of being dead, these patients show an increased tendency to automutilation (self harm) or suicidal behaviour. (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, and Audenaert, 2011). A case studying involving 100 patients, in Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, and Audenaert, (2009) reveal three types of Cotard’s syndrome. The first is a form of â€Å"psychotic depression† in which anxiety, melanchonlia, delusions of guilt, and auditory hallucinations are the more prominent features. The second class is â€Å"Cotard’s syndrome Type I†, which is associated with hypochondriac and nihilistic delusions. The third type is â€Å"Cotard’s syndrome Type II†, which includes anxiety, depression, delusions of immortality, nihilistic delusions and suicidal behaviour are characteristic features†. However, in Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, and Audenaert, 2011, a case study conducted in 1999, identified three stages of Cotard’s syndrome. The first stage, germination stage, is characterized by important hypochondriac cenesthopathy and depressive mood. A diagnosis of Cotard’s syndrome cannot be made in this stage yet. In the blooming stage, the characteristic features of Cotard’s syndrome (nihilistic delusions, delusions of immorality together with anxiety and negativism) are seen. The last stage, the chronic stage is differentiated in two forms: one with persistent emotional disturbances (depressive type) and the second where depressive symptoms are less prominent (paranoid type) (as cited by Yamman, 1999). The two classifications described above have assisted in diagnosing of Cotard’s syndrome. The similar features displayed are nihilistic delusions, depressive mood, and anxiety. Analysis This syndrome does not affect a specific category of people. A study of 100 patients, revealed that â€Å"Cotard’s syndrome was diagnosed in 2 of 349 patients†¦taking into account only severely depressed older adult patients. In addition, the average of age of person studied was 52 years of age, however, the study also suggested that Cotard’s was occasionally described in children and adolescents (Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, Audenaert, 2009). Furthermore, according to Wani et al. , (2008), â€Å"this syndrome is typically related to depression and is mostly found in middle-aged or older people. In the analysis the following results were displayed: â€Å"depressive mood (89%), nihilistic delusions (69%), anxiety (65%), delusions of guilt (63%), delusions of immortality (55%), hypochondriac delusions (58%)† (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, and Audenaert, 2011). Diagnosis The diagnosis reveals a psychological and neurological aspect of Cotard’s syndrome. The â€Å"depersonalization phenomenon† as described in Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, and Audenaert, 2009, is referred to using German erminology leib (body for me) and korper (body as such), korper becomes more prominent than leib and the body less associated with the self (leib), depersonalization onset can then occur. However, in depersonalization, the patient feels as if he or she is dead (in difference of affect), whereas in Cotard’s syndro me, the patient is convinced that he or she is dead (lack of feeling). Cotard’s syndrome is often associated with parietal lobe lesions. Compared with controls, patients with Cotard’s syndrome have more brain atrophy in general and more median frontal lobe atrophy in particular. Cotard’s syndrome may be associated with multifocal brain atrophy and medial frontal lobe disease. Neurological assessments were performed and findings resulted in patients affected by â€Å"parietal brain dysfunction† and structural brain abnormalities. Recent discoveries have indicated that Cotard’s syndrome was associated with multifocal brain atrophy and interhemispheric fissure enlargement. The interhemispheric fissure enlargement means â€Å"parietal lobe lesions† (Joseph and O'Leary, 2011) or bending in the frontal and occipital regions and this abnormality also been observed in schizophrenic patients. Others have described and enlargement of the third and lateral ventricles. In one patient, the patient was diagnosed with a schizophrenia disorder and a left sided hypoperfusion in the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes. The medical term of hypoperfusion is defined as a â€Å"decreased blood flow through an organ† (Meriam-Webster, 2011). In addition, the patient experienced improvements of the inferior frontal and left hypoperfusion and there was evidence of decreased hyperprofusion of the left temporal lobe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (cited in Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, and Audenaert, 2009). Treatments There are several methods utilized to treat mental health struggles. A patient can seek professional assistance by psychology or psychiatry therapy and/or the utilization of medication. If you lived in the 16th century with any undefined mental disorder, you were considered as â€Å"possessed by the Devil† and cast away to some godforsaken monastery dungeon in which monks would constantly pray for and exorcise you. The Catholic Church they used a methodical guidebook to describe all behavioral aspects and associations of witchcraft, satanism, etc. nd utilized this upon people who were suffered with mental or behavioral maladies, and it was not commonly understood in the Medieval and Renaissance periods. In the medieval ages, they were burned because they thought demons haunted the mentally ill. In later years, we willfully experimented on them, cutting into their bodies and brains to â€Å"fix them†, this was called, trepanation. The â€Å"evidence of trepan ation has been found in prehistoric human remains from Neolithic times onward. Cave paintings indicate that people believed the practice would cure epileptic seizures, migraines, and mental disorders† (Wikipedia, 2011). It is really disgusting and is the major reason that even today it is to some a badge of humiliation instead of just an illness. Complete recovery may occur spontaneously and suddenly as onset of Cotard’s syndrome. There are several reports of successful pharmacological treatment of Cotard’s syndrome. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is considered an important treatment option in Cotard’s syndrome. It is noted, in Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, Audenaert, 2009, that young patients use of mood stabilizers should be considered because Cotard’s syndrome in this population is often part of a bipolar disorder. Successful treatment with ECT and the patient with underlying major depressive disorder resulted in recovery of left and right temporal hypoprofussion and normalization of profusion in the frontal cortex was reported after treatment with antidepressants (Debruyne, Portzky, Peremans, and Audenaert, 2011). Please be aware that people who have true mental illnesses do suffer. They want more than anything to be able to feel and function like other people and they will actively seek help. The reality is that certain medications and treatments help those who are suffering from these conditions. Conclusion Mental illness is not a modern invention. The mentally ill have been recognized in one form or another by every culture we have a record of. How they were perceived and what their value is what has largely changed. Some people do not retreat into their minds as much as they are supposed to, while others spend all their time there. What we eat and breathe and drink affects our health and our brain, and a healthy individual's brain tends to have more to work with and develop all the right chemicals and nerve sheaths. A good parent with their strong sense of empathy realizes that their child is a thinking, growing human being and will always need that light touch that points them in the â€Å"right direction† and prevent them from getting â€Å"lost†. The right nature and nurturing are essential for a healthy development. Some cases of these disorders I believe could be a simple lack of the ingredients to solve this chemical imbalance. Given that our brain is constantly changing accordingly with the times, a chronic chemical imbalance quickly becomes more than just that, as the brain has grown and changed around this shortcoming. The kind of understanding you wish people had for those with mental disorders would be a universal understanding for all if people would look into themselves and observe their own thoughts and behaviors. We are our best test subjects since we have full access to all the â€Å"data†, and by observing ourselves totally (mentally, developmentally, chemically) we can apply our understanding to others and learn from the experience. People need to care about how people's minds work in general, understanding â€Å"you guys† would come with the turf, and communication with our angry neighbors would be much more effective since we'd all see where everyone is coming from. Philosophers have long contemplated human happiness, and how to live a â€Å"good† life, in harmony with our own nature. The problem is that humans do not really know what makes them happy, and what they think will, or will not, and instead they find contempt and superficial pleasures they believe will satisfy them. As a result, some people will not live a good and peaceful life that satisfies the majority of people. The fact is not everyone needs medication, but there are those who do. Some need it temporarily, some for a lifetime. Some simply need therapy, and some benefit from dietary changes. I believe understanding is the highest ideal we should seek to attain. Understanding and being honest with ourselves about ourselves and applying our own understanding to others may help us see that we are not as different as we'd like to believe. I believe that sense of commonality with all human beings can generate empathy, compassion and ultimately peace in all of us. It is when we categorize each other, ourselves, and place value on those categories then we breed hatred, ignorance and fear. References Boyd, D. , Johnson, Paul, Bee, Helen (2009). Lifespan Development. (4th Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearsons Canada Inc. Cotard Syndrome. (2010). Disorders Central. Retrieved October 10, 2011, from http://www. disorderscentral. com/cotard-syndrome. html Debruyne, H. , Portzky, M. Peremans, K. , ; Audenaert, K. , (2011). Mind and Brain The Journal of Psychiatry. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from http://content. yudu. com/Library/A1t5r8/MindampBraintheJourn/resources/73. htm Debruyne, H. , Portzky, M. , Van den Eynde, F. , ; Audenaert, K. (2009). Cotard’s Syndrome: A Review. Current Psychiatry Reports. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from University of Calgary On-line Resources: http://www. springerlink. com. ezproxy. lib. ucal gary. ca/content/f43j790n7161432m/ Hypoperfusion. (2011). Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved November 5, 2011, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/medical/hypoperfusion Joseph AB, and O'Leary DH. (2011). Brain atrophy and interhemispheric fissure enlargement in Cotard's syndrome. PubMed. gov. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/3759917 Purse, Marcia. (2011). Delusions. About. com. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from http://bipolar. about. com/od/definingbipolardisorder/g/gl_delusions. htm Purse, Marcia. (2006). Schizoaffective Disorder. About. com. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from http://bipolar. about. om/od/glossary/g/gl_schizoaffect. htm Sorrentino, Sheila A. , Wilk, Mary J. , and Newsmaster, Rosemary (2009). Mosby’s Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker. (2nd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Elsevier Canada Urban Dictionary. (1999-2011). Zombie. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://www. urbandictionary. com/define. php? term=zombie Wani, A. Z, Abdul, W. Khan, Aijaz, A. Babe, Hayat, A. Khan, Qurat-ul, A. Wani, and Taploo, Rayneesa (2008). Cotard's syndrome and delayed diagnosis in Kashmir, India. International Journal of Mental Health Systems.

Bookbinders Book Club Essay

About 50,000 new titles, including new editions, are published in the United States each year, giving rise to a $20+ billion book publishing industry. About 10 percent of the books are sold through mail order. Book retailing in the 1970s was characterized by the growth of chain bookstore operations in concert with the development of shopping malls. Traffic in bookstores in the 1980s was enhanced by the spread of discounting. In the 1990s, the superstore concept of book retailing was responsible for the double-digit growth of the book industry. Generally situated near large shopping centers, superstores maintain large inventories of anywhere from 30,000 to 80,000 titles. Superstores are putting intense competitive pressure on book clubs, mail-order firms and retail outlets. Recently, online superstores, such as www. amazon. com, have emerged, carrying 1–2. 5 million titles and further intensifying the pressure on book clubs and mail-order firms. In response to these pressures, book clubs are starting to look at alternative business models that will make them more responsive to their customers’ preferences. Historically, book clubs offered their readers continuity and negative option programs that were based on an extended contractual relationship between the club and its subscribers. In a continuity program, popular in such genres as children’s books, a reader signs up for an offer of several books for a few dollars each (plus shipping and handling on each book) and agrees to receive Copyright  © 2008 by DecisionPro, Inc. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, go to www. decisionpro. biz. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the permission of DecisionPro, Inc. a shipment of one or two books each month thereafter. In a negative option program, subscribers get to choose which and how many additional books they will receive, but the default option is that the club’s selection will be delivered to them each month. The club informs them of the monthly selection and they must mark â€Å"no† on their order forms if they do not want to receive it. Some firms are now beginning to offer books on a positive-option basis, but only to selected segments of their customer lists that they deem receptive to specific offers. Book clubs are also beginning to use database marketing techniques to work smarter rather than expand the coverage of their mailings. According to Doubleday president Marcus Willhelm, â€Å"The database is the key to what we are doing†¦. We have to understand what our customers want and be more flexible. I doubt book clubs can survive if they offer the same 16 offers, the same fulfillment to everybody. 2 Doubleday uses modeling techniques to look at more than 80 variables, including geography and the types of books customers purchase, and selects three to five variables that are the most influential predictors. The Bookbinders Book Club The BBB Club was established in 1986 for the purpose of selling specialty books through direct marketing. BBBC is strictly a distributor and does not publish any of the books it sells. In anticipation of using database marketing, BBBC made a strategic decision right from the start to build and maintain a detailed database about its members containing all the relevant information about them. Readers fill out an insert and return it to BBBC which then enters the data into the database. The company currently has a database of 500,000 readers and sends out a mailing about once a month. BBBC is exploring whether to use predictive modeling approaches to improve the efficacy of its direct mail program. For a recent mailing, the company selected 20,000 customers in Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio from its database and included with their regular mailing a specially produced brochure for the book The Art History of Florence. This resulted in a 9. 03 percent response rate (1806 orders) for the purchase of the book. BBBC then developed a database to calibrate a response model to identify the factors that influenced these purchases. For this case analysis, we will use a subset of the database available to BBBC. It consists of data for 400 customers who purchased the book, and 1,200 customers who did not, thereby over-representing the response group. The dependent variable for the analysis is Choice — purchase or no purchase of The Art History of Florence. BBBC also selected several independent variables that it thought might explain the observed choice behavior. Below is a description of the variables used for the analysis: Choice: Whether the customer purchased the The Art History of Florence. 1 corresponds to a purchase and 0 corresponds to a nonpurchase. Gender: 0 = Female and 1 = Male. Amount purchased: Total money spent on BBBC books. Frequency: Total number of purchases in the chosen period (used as a proxy for frequency. ) Last purchase (recency of purchase): Months since last purchase. First purchase: Months since first purchase.

Biography of John Gibbon, Heart-Lung Machine Inventor

Biography of John Gibbon, Heart-Lung Machine Inventor John Heysham Gibbon Jr. (Sept. 29,  1903–Feb. 5, 1973) was an American surgeon who was widely known for creating the first heart-lung machine. He proved the efficacy of the concept in 1935 when he used an external pump as an  artificial heart  during an operation on a cat. Eighteen years later, he performed the first successful open-heart operation on a human using his  heart-lung machine. Fast Facts: John Heysham Gibbon Known For: Inventor of the heart-lung machineBorn: Sept. 29,  1903 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaParents: John Heysham Gibbon Sr., Marjorie YoungDied: Feb. 5, 1973 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaEducation: Princeton University, Jefferson Medical CollegeAwards and Honors: Distinguished Service Award from International College of Surgery, fellowship from Royal College of Surgeons, Gairdner Foundation International Award from University of TorontoSpouse: Mary HopkinsonChildren: Mary, John, Alice, and Marjorie Early Life of John Gibbon Gibbon was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Sept. 29, 1903, the second of four children of surgeon John Heysham Gibbon Sr. and Marjorie Young. He earned his B.A. from  Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1923 and his M.D. from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1927. He completed his internship at Pennsylvania Hospital in 1929. The following year, he went to Harvard Medical School as a research fellow in surgery. Gibbon was a sixth-generation physician. One of his great-uncles, Brig. Gen. John Gibbon, is memorialized by a monument to his bravery on the Union side in the Battle of Gettysburg, while another uncle was a brigade surgeon for the Confederacy in the same battle. In 1931 Gibbon married Mary Hopkinson, a surgical researcher who was an assistant in his work. They had four children: Mary, John, Alice, and Marjorie. Early Experiments It was the loss of a young patient in 1931, who died despite emergency surgery for a blood clot in her lungs, that first stirred Gibbons interest in developing an artificial device for bypassing the heart and lungs and allowing for more effective heart surgery techniques. Gibbon believed that if doctors could keep blood oxygenated during lung procedures, many other patients could be saved. While he was dissuaded by all with whom he broached the subject, Gibbon, who had a talent for engineering as well as medicine, independently continued his experiments and tests. In 1935, he used a prototype heart-lung bypass machine that took over cardiac and respiratory functions of a cat, keeping it alive for 26 minutes. Gibbons World War II Army service in the China-Burma-India Theater temporarily interrupted his research, but after the war he began a new series of experiments with dogs. For his research to proceed to humans, though, he would need help on three fronts, from doctors and engineers. Help Arrives In 1945, American cardiothoracic surgeon Clarence Dennis built a modified Gibbon pump that permitted a complete bypass of the heart and lungs during surgery. The machine, however, was hard to clean, caused infections, and never reached human testing. Then came Swedish physician Viking Olov Bjork, who invented an improved oxygenator with multiple rotating screen discs over which a film of blood was injected. Oxygen was passed over the discs, providing sufficient oxygenation for an adult human. After Gibbon returned from military service and restarted his research, he met Thomas J. Watson, CEO of International Business Machines (IBM), which was establishing itself as a premier computer research, development, and manufacturing firm. Watson, who was trained as an engineer, expressed interest in Gibbons heart-lung-machine project, and Gibbon explained his ideas in detail. Shortly thereafter, a team of IBM engineers arrived at Jefferson Medical College to work with Gibbon. By 1949, they had a working machine- the Model I- that Gibbon could try on humans. The first patient, a 15-month-old girl with severe heart failure, didnt survive the procedure. An autopsy later revealed that she had an unknown congenital heart defect. By the time Gibbon identified a second likely patient, the IBM team had developed the Model II. It used a refined method of cascading blood down a thin sheet of film to oxygenate it rather than the whirling technique, which could potentially damage blood corpuscles. Using the new method, 12 dogs were kept alive for more than an hour during heart operations, paving the way for the next step. Success in Humans It was time for another try, this time on humans.  On May 6, 1953, Cecelia Bavolek became the first person to successfully undergo open-heart bypass surgery with the Model II totally supporting her heart and lung functions during the procedure. The operation closed a serious defect between the upper chambers of the 18-year-olds heart. Bavolek was connected to the device for 45 minutes. For 26 of those minutes, her body totally depended upon the machine’s artificial cardiac and respiratory functions. It was the first successful intracardiac surgery of its kind performed on a human patient. By 1956 IBM, well on its way to dominating the fledgling computer industry, was eliminating many of its non-core programs. The engineering team was withdrawn from Philadelphia- but not before producing the Model III- and the huge field of biomedical devices was left to other companies, such as Medtronic and  Hewlett-Packard. That same year, Gibbon became the Samuel D. Gross professor of surgery and head of the surgery department at Jefferson Medical College and Hospital, positions he would hold until 1967. Death Gibbon, perhaps ironically, suffered from heart trouble in his later years. He had his first heart attack  in July 1972 and died of another massive heart attack while playing tennis on Feb. 5, 1973. Legacy Gibbons heart-lung machine undoubtedly saved countless lives. He is also remembered for writing a standard textbook on chest surgery and for teaching and mentoring countless physicians. Upon his death, the Jefferson Medical College renamed its newest building after him. Over his career, he was a visiting or consulting surgeon at several hospitals and medical schools. His awards included the Distinguished Service Award from the International College of Surgery (1959), an honorary fellowship from the Royal College of Surgeons in England (1959), the Gairdner Foundation International Award from the University of Toronto (1960), honorary Sc.D. degrees from  Princeton University  (1961) and the University of Pennsylvania (1965), and the Research Achievement Award from the American Heart Association (1965). Sources Dr. John H. Gibbon Jr. and Jeffersons Heart-Lung Machine: Commemoration of the Worlds First Successful Bypass Surgery. Thomas Jefferson University.John Heysham Gibbon Biography. Engineering and Technology History Wiki.John Heysham Gibbon, 1903-1973: American Surgeon. Encyclopedia.com

The one way publishing start-ups can look to thrive

The one way publishing start-ups can look to thrive One big way that book publishing startups can succeed now Our co-founder Ricardo was invited as a guest contributor on GigaOm to share his thoughts on publishing startups. Why have major publishers failed to carry the digital disruption started by Amazon? What can startups do to step in successfully? All answers are below!It’s been more than seven years since the introduction of the first Kindle. Ebooks market share seems to be stabilizing at around one-third of total books sold in the U.S. according to the latest reports. But ebooks are just the beginning–the detonator, in a way, of a decade-long disruption of the traditional publishing landscape.Publishers and agents have certainly â€Å"adapted,† but have largely failed to carry innovation forward; distribution channels have been disrupted, but the creative process around books and the business model of publishing remain, for now, unchanged.As it often happens when technology erupts in a non-tech-heavy industry, numerous opportunities have emerged for smaller players : namely authors, freelancers, and startups. To take advantage of the changing industry landscape, however, those small players will have to grasp the delicate mix of strong technology and intuitive user experience (UX) needed to succeed in a tech-unsavvy industry.Read the whole piece on GigaOm!

National Service Framework - Standard 5 The role of the nurse Assignment

National Service Framework - Standard 5 The role of the nurse - Assignment Example What measures can be taken to prevent this and in such cases how the patients should be treated. The goal of National Service Frameworks to deal with older adults in stroke pathway. The aim of this to report is to identify the health policy on care delivery from practical life. To ensure that the public and the professionals understand the cause of stroke, the symptoms of a stroke and what measures should be taken if someone gets an attack. The discussion of the report will follow the description on stroke and related issues, how efficiently NSF works towards its perspective to take care of the patient and their family. The main objective is to get the clear idea of the role of nurse, post stroke nursing care along with the inter-professional team. Apart from this other various health promotion to raise awareness also would be the part of the discussion. 2. Introduction to National Service Frameworks 2.1. What is a National Service Framework (NSF)? National service frameworks (NSFs) and strategies provides efficient quality requirements for care. These strategies are based on the available facts on which treatments and services can be effective for the patients. These strategies have various strengths that include building relationships with health professionals, patients, carers, health service managers, voluntary agencies and other experts. The historical perspective of NSF is to make a better world for the older people. England is said to be known as an aging society. Since the early 1930s the number of aged people was over 65 years. According to a recent survey, it has been found that every fifth population of England is over 60 and which will increase to 80 between 1995 and 2025. Thus the concept of NSF to build a better world for older people raised and they form this unit to take both social care and health care services. The National Service Framework is pioneer to ensure fair, high quality, integrated health and social care services for older people. T his is a long term planning program which NSF ensures. It frames 10 year program of action raising awareness to promote good health, to support independence, special acre and services for any conditions and cultural change so that all older people and their carers so that they get respect and can live with dignity and equality. We need National Service Frameworks because it will give us support from every perspective to deal future condition of old age. It will help to create awareness for good health and making people conscious about stroke and hazards. The experts and hard work of NFS had led the way in developing the standards. The Goals and Purpose of NSF To improve standards of care To help older people to stay healthy Better long term funding Extending access to services The NFS will shape its services depending on individual patients, their families and their carers. [Standard 2] The NSF will support and value its staff. The NSF focuses on conditions like stroke, fall and men tal health problems of older people. They have made 10 year framework to deal with arthritis, respiratory diseases in older people. To respect every individual Promoting healthy and active life 2.2. Introduction to National Service Framework for Older Adults- Stroke National Service Frameworks (NSFs) were established to improve various services by setting up national standards to check quality and care services. The main aim of this specific NSF Respecting the individual is

The Expansion Strategy of Jumeirah Group of the Hotel Literature review

The Expansion Strategy of Jumeirah Group of the Hotel - Literature review Example A company may grow internationally through setting up new enterprises to a new area that has not been tapped, through buying off a company or integrating with an existing company (Marcelo at el 2008, P.1). Traveling for leisure of business mostly involves crossing national and state boundaries (Prokkola 2010, P.223) and tourism and hotel services provider must tap into providing competitive services and products to the visitor traveling to their company. Jumeirah Group is a multinational company that operates luxurious hotels and serviced apartments in Dubai, Rome, and Shanghai, Germany among other places in the world and its headquarters in Dubai (Newswire, 2012). The company was found in 1997 and is affiliated to Dubai Holding (Hornett, G 2013). The company is planning to grow its operation by establishing five-star luxury hotels in various countries in Africa one of them being Seychelles. Seychelles is a group of about 115 granite and coral tropical island in the Indian Ocean (Bac kground Note: Seychelles 2007). Its temperatures vary all around the year though they are humid due to their size. Most people occupy Major Island while small islands are sparsely occupied, with most of the residents being Africans, Indians, Chinese and French settlers while others are expatriates (Political Conditions 2012, P. 10). Their culture is a mixture of French and Africa through the most used language is English and French. This paper will critically analyze the expansion strategy of the Jumeirah group of hotel in this island nation. Feasibility analysis Indian Ocean islands depend on tourism as main economic activities with Seychelles and Maldives being the most preferred than the rest in terms of gross domestic product, employment, tourism income and tourism ventures investments (Prayag 2011, P.221). For example in 2010 tourism contributed to the Gross domestic product of this islands as follows Mauritius 26.5 %, Reunion 4 % in Madagascan 12.7 % % Maldives 63.4 % and Seyc helles 46.4 % while it also contributed to the national employment about 14.2 % of the total new appointment in Mauritius, 1.9 % in Reunion,3% in Madagascan, 28.1% in the Maldives and 31.5 %Seychelles (Prayag 2011, P.223). In recent times Indian Ocean islands have recorded increase in tourism activities due to their favorable climate, geographical isolation, relatively long coastlines, diversity of ecosystems, cultural diversity and political stability (Prayag 2011, P.223). However, there have been challenges in this industry such as poor working conditions for the employees, high staff turnover, environmental degradation, poor staff training and insufficient rules and regulations (Prayag 2011, P.223). Major islands in the Indian Ocean that include Mauritius, Reunion, Madagascar, and Seychelles have teamed up to Form Vanilla islands to market their countries as the tourist destination with the aim of increasing visitors (Ramchurn 2011, P. 49).

Unit 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 1 - Coursework Example In addition to this, the article gives a thorough analysis of the noteworthy characteristic of Manet’s painting in relation to the Impressionist movement. After a brief discussion on modern movement, the article discusses Manet’s development of art. Q3. Mallarmà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s next point is that the Manet’s art of 1860 has an encyclopedic nature, which is a crucial step in shaping of an individual’s style. This point was different from Zola’s critic interpretation because he thought the the early borrowing from older work was more significant in Manet’s development, whereas Zola understated this point. Q4. Mallarmà © closes his essay on a refreshing platform and show personal attachment to the ideals of novel art. According to Harris, the question which cannot be left unattended is that how far Mallarmà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s account of Manet’s method and aim is well-grounded. Q8. The second article is significant, because it highlight the detail scrutiny of Manet’s painting, the changes that had been brought forward in art and its role in evolution of French modern painting. The second article is more emphasized than the first one. Q9. The study of Mallarmà © had been based upon the evidence of the article â€Å"Le jury de peinture pour†. According to Harris, this essay in an elementary form describes Mallarmà © defense of Manet’s work. Q2. According to Carven, the situation was ironic because, Turner paintings, according to the witness were extraordinary and focuses on techniques rather than subject, whereas Whistler’s painting were of the same nature, but was criticized to be unfinished. Q3. In a volume Ruskin stated that three strokes of Raphael was better than the finished painting of Dolci and other example is that Leonardo’s landscape received applause because it was under finished and Canaletto’s work was harshly judged because it was over finished. Q2. Aesthetic

Calibrating a pressure gauge using an air-operated dead-weight pressure gauge tester for air gauges

Calibrating a pressure gauge using an air-operated dead-weight pressure gauge tester for air gauges INTRODUCTION: Calibrationis the set of operations that establish the relationship between the values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument and the corresponding values realized by standards. The result of a calibration allows for the determination of corrections to be made with regards to the indicated values. It may also help in determining other metrological properties such as the effect of influence quantities. The results of a calibration are usually documented and referred to as calibration certificate or a calibration report. Necessary adjustments are made to the instrument after calibration so that it always indicates readings corresponding to given values of the quantity measured. When the instrument is made to give a null indication corresponding to a null value of the quantity to be measured, the set of operation is called zero adjustment . The Calibration Process The first thing to consider in calibrating an instrument is its design. In order to be able to calibrate an instrument, the design of the instrument has to be capable of measurements that are withinengineering tolerance when used within certain conditions and over a reasonable period of time. The criteria used for assigning tolerance values vary according to regions and according to type of industry. Manufacturers of instruments assign a general measurement tolerance and suggest the calibration interval as well as the optimum environment for use and storage of the instrument. The user of the instrument on the other hand assigns the actual calibration interval, on the instruments likely usage level. For example, if a manufacturer states that an instrument needs to be calibrated after usage for 8-12 hours of use 5 days per week is six months, that same instrument in 24/7 usage would generally get a shorter interval. The assignment of calibration intervals can be a formal process based on the results of previous calibrations. Calibration process versus cost Generally, the process of calibrating an instrument is a difficult and expensive one. As a rule of thumb, the cost for ordinary equipment support is generally about 10% of the purchasing cost of the instrument on a yearly basis. Exotic devices such asscanning electron microscopes,gas chromatographsystems andlaserinterferometerdevices can be even more expensive to calibrate. When the instruments being calibrated are integrated with computers, the integrated computer programs and any calibration corrections are also under control. The calibration paradox Successful calibration has to be consistent and systematic. At the same time, the complexity of some instruments requires that only key functions be identified and calibrated. Under those conditions, a degree of randomness is needed to find unexpected deficiencies. Even the most routine calibration requires a willingness to investigate any unexpected observation. Theoretically, anyone who can read and follow the directions of a calibration procedure can perform the work. It is recognizing and dealing with the exceptions that is the most challenging aspect of the work. This is where experience and judgement are called for and where most of the resources are consumed. THEORY Principles of Operation Of Dead Weight Testers Pressure is defined as force per unit area i.e. P=F/A F=M x g (product of mass and the acceleration acting on that mass) This simple principle is used by Dead weight pressure testers to generate a very stable and accurate pressure. A series of weights are loaded on to a piston unit which is housed inside a cylinder. In principle, the components of the above equations are as follows: A is the effective cross-sectional area of the piston unit M is the mass of the weights loaded on top of the piston unit in addition to the mass of the piston unit itself. g is the gravitational acceleration acting on the piston and mass set. For example, if a piston of area A = in2 (0.18cm2) weighing M = 12.5lb (5.67kg) is supported by a fluid in a cylinder, the pressure in the fluid is 12.5lb=100lb/in2 (7kg/cm2). The piston- cylinder and the weights are called a dead-weight balance. The effective area of the piston and cylinder unit is an approximation of the average of the areas of the piston and of the cylinder. The performance of a tester depends largely on the accuracy with which the piston and cylinder are manufactured. These should be straight and round and have a good finish. They are usually made from hardened and stabilised tool steels, however, on the air operated type, high chromium steel is used to prevent corrosion. They are protected from high pressure such that the piston would not leave its cylinder and if the weights are supplied without air- pressure, the piston will not be in compression. The accuracy can be illustrated by stating that a variation of 0.1ÃŽÂ ¼m on the effective diameter of a piston/cylinder unit would result in an area charge of 63ppm. The area of the piston-cylinder units are compared with NPL Standards. Two units can be compared by connecting them hydraulically (or on gas) under pressure; when they were in balance, the area say AD to be determined was found from the known area of an NPL unit say Ak, showing the weights applied to each say WD and Wk from the equation. When instrument accuracies are calculated, allowance is made for the fact that effective area of the piston/cylinder unit increases with pressure. These is negligible on low pressure testers but becomes significant on testers such as type 380D (600 bar) and 380H (1200 bar). For the 4000 bar type the weights for equal increments of pressure are greater as the pressure increases up to 4000 bar and weight must be applied in the correct sequence. The accuracy certificate of a tester takes into account the buoyancy of the piston immersed in liquid. When testing gauges on liquid it may also be necessary to allow for liquid head (1 cm corresponds to 1 mb). The datum levels of the hydraulic piston/cylinder units are marked with a groove on the outer diameter of the unit. The effect of heads could normally be ignored on air testers. The certificate also gives details of the corrections to be made for change in temperature of the unit from 20oC due to expansion of the piston/cylinder unit and also of corrections due to g varying from standard gravity. The hydraulic testers can have accuracies of 0.01% on 1/16 in2 piston/cylinder unit, 0.015% on 1/80 in2 and 0.02% on 1/160 in2 units. Apparatus: 1. A pressure gauge that could measure up to 100 lb/in2bar 2. A Budenberg an air-operated pressure gauge calibrator: Made with levelling screws at its base which is used to mount it on a bench, a 0.5 square inch piston-cylinder unit, two control valves, one 0.5 inch B.S.P gauge connection, some weights (each marked with corresponding pressures they exert). The apparatus can basically be divided into three elements: The piston and cylinder units The weights The testers. The Piston-Cylinder unit The effective area of the piston and cylinder unit is an approximation of the average of the areas of the piston and of the cylinder and is 0.5 in2. The weight exerted by the unit is 0.1 kg/cm2 or 0.1bar. The Piston-Cylinder unit is made from high chromium steel is used to prevent corrosion. It is also fitted with mechanical stops to prevent the piston leaving the cylinder housing if the applied pressure is excessive, and if the weights are supplied without air- pressure, the piston will not be in compression. There is a small gap between the piston and the cylinder so that when the piston rotates in the cylinder the pressure medium forms a bearing eliminating friction and metallic contact; any viscous forces are circumferential and so do not act in a vertical direction and so do not affect the accuracy of the balance. If the gap between the piston and the cylinder is too small, the piston will not rotate freely at low pressure long enough for a true balanced pressure to be attained. If the gap is too large, there will be a leakage between the two and the piston will fall in the cylinder. The piston will spin for a reasonable length of time at low pressure and will remain in its floating position for several minutes at high pressures. The Weights The weights used are DH-Budenberg, manufactured from series 300 austenitic stainless steel, which makes them highly resistant to corrosion and magnetic permeability. They are marked with the nominal pressure value that they will generate (in bar) when used with the piston-cylinder unit they are designed for. These weights have been manufactured to specific set of tolerances and according to National (NPL) standards to give an accuracy of 0.015% under all nominal conditions. They give the appropriate force when subjected to a gravitational acceleration of 9.80665m/s2(International Standard, g) and in an air of density 1.2 kg/m3. The Tester This is the last element of the dead-weight tester. This unit is generally called the pneumatic dead weight tester base. It is the unit that generates the pressure which is then applied to the piston-cylinder unit and the instrument under calibration. It is supplied with an incoming port where a clean dry non-corrosive source of gas is connected. The type 240 air-operated tester has two valves: one valve to admit air from a H.P. supply to raise the pressure and one to release air to the atmosphere. PROCEDURE 1. The gauge to be calibrated was properly cleaned to remove any dirt or chemical contamination that could contaminate the tester. Using a bonded seal at the joint the Gauge was screwed on to the calibration equipment. 2. Using the conversion table given, (see table 2) the weight required in bar to test a pressure indicated by the gauge (the one being calibrated) was checked and the dead-weight piston was loaded with weight equivalent to the desired pressure less the pressure of the Piston-Cylinder unit. For example, when it was required to test the 10 lb/in2 reading on the gauge scale, the amount of weight required was 0.69 bar (from the table). But the piston already weighed 0.1 bar so this was subtracted from 0.69 bar to get 0.59 bar. So only 0.59 bar of weight equivalent was loaded onto the piston. 3. Next, the left-hand valve which releases pressure from the tester was closed. 4. Then, to test for rising pressure, the right-hand valve which admits pressure to the tester was opened carefully. This admitted pressure into the tester and the rate of pressure rise was watched on the gauge under test. As the pressure approached the desired value to be tested, the weights were spun carefully, and as soon as the piston began to float half way between the two stops, the reading of the pressure gauge was taken. The release valve was opened and the admitting valve was closed. 5. Next, to test for falling pressure, the release valve was closed and the admitting valve was opened. As the pressure rose beyond the desired pressure, the admitting valve closed and the release valve was opened slowly to enable the pressure drop in the tester. As the pressure approached the required pressure, the weight was spun carefully and ss soon the piton began to float half way between the two stops, the reading on the gauge was taken. All the pressure was then released. 6. A new set of weights were loaded on the piston to test the next pressure reading. These steps were carried out for pressure readings of from 10 lb/in2 to 100 lb/in2 at intervals of 10 lb/in2. The readings obtained were tabulated in table 2. RESULTS The results obtained were tabulated as in below Pressure being tested (lbf/in2) Applied Load Minus 0.1 (bar) Actual reading Up pressure (lbf/in2) Down Pressure (lbf/in2) 10 0.69 10.5 9.50 20 1.38 19.50 19.00 30 2.07 29.50 29.00 40 2.76 39.00 39.00 50 3.45 49.50 49.00 60 4.14 59.50 59.00 70 4.83 69.00 69.00 80 5.52 79.00 78.50 90 6.21 89.00 88.50 100 6.9 99.00 99.50 Table 1 showing readings from calibration exercise. CONCLUSION The calibration of the pressure gauge using a dead weight tester was carried out; Based on the experimental results obtained a deviation in the calibrated reading was compared to the theoretical values. Therefore the pressure gauge on the downwards pressure was observed to be not appropriate for very low pressure levels; Especially when the supplied air pressure is low incapable of lifting the applied load this can be express mathematically as: Psa = W/Pd were W = Psa x Pd W = weight/load Pd = downwards pressure Psa = supplied air pressure Therefore applied load/weight is directly proportional to the obtainable pressure gauge calibration meter readings. Sources of Errors: Â · Possible air leakage from the valves. Â · Error due to parallax when reading the half way level mark. Â · Possible pushing down on the piston while spinning the weight. Â · Possible loss of pressure in the piston hydraulics. REFERENCE 1. N. E. Connor, Gas Quality Measuring Devices on Gas Measurement University of Salford, 1969 2. DH- Budenberg, An-Introduction-to-Dead-Weight-Testers @ http://www.scribd.com/doc/18933664 (25th Nov, 2009) 3. Wikipedia Encyclopaedia (www.wikipedia.com) 4. Practical Manual on pressure gauge calibration, 2009.