Should Recycling Be Required by Law?

PRO MANDATORY RECYCLING * â€Å"Recycling is so beneficial for our planet that it should definitely be required. In an ideal world, everyone would voluntarily recycle, but let's face it: That's never going to happen. It makes me so angry when I watch students in my school throw their plastic water bottles in the trash can when there is a recycling can right next to it! * â€Å"Nearly 70 million tons of material are kept away from landfills each year thanks to recycling, according to the National Recycling Coalition. â€Å"If we have just 30 percent of the population recycling, we'd reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as if we removed 25 million cars from the road! Imagine how many greenhouse gas emissions we could get rid of if everyone recycled. * â€Å"It's so easy to recycle, and if more people do it, then it becomes more cost-effective. Some people against mandatory recycling say that it's costly, but recycling is a less expensive process if more people are involved.In fa ct, two years after New York City decided that mandatory recycling was a drain on the city — costing $40 million — they discovered that a redesigned, more efficient recycling system could actually save the city $20 million! New York City has now signed a 20-year recycling contract. * â€Å"We need to get more cities and states on board with mandatory recycling. In addition to helping the environment, recycling programs help stimulate the economy by creating more jobs. The benefits of mandatory recycling far outweigh the drawbacks, and it's up to you, CosmoGIRL! eaders, to get your cities on board! Write to your local official and let her or him know how you feel about mandatory recycling. Your actions can make all the difference! † —Laura Carusco, 18, New York City, NY ANTI MANDATORY RECYCLING * â€Å"Mandatory recycling is one of the newest fads in the ‘go green' movement. But what you may not realize is that it's also one of the most costly and w asteful activities to infiltrate America. * â€Å"Contrary to what most people think, recycling does not save irreplaceable sources. Take a look at the current prices for everyday items, like paper.According to the concept of supply and demand, since the price is so cheap, there must be a large supply that backs it up. For example, a pack of notebook paper ranges from just 20 cents to 50 cents. If we were at risk of running out of trees, the price would be much higher. * â€Å"Also, by using less of one resource, we are inevitably using more of others. Daniel K. Benjamin, senior associate of the Property and Environment Research Center, stated in a report that â€Å"on average, curbside recycling is 35 to 55 percent more costly nationwide than conventional disposal. Benjamin goes on to say that in Seattle, where the council decided to make recycling mandatory, they are wasting resources by charging too much for trash pickup and not charging enough for recycling pickup. Also, thin k about all of the extra pollution caused by the recycling pickup trucks! It's like having a garbage truck come through twice a week instead of just once. * â€Å"It's also a misconception that we're running out of room in our landfills. There is enough room just in America to last us for years, and we can always add landfills.Another misconception is that our trash is harmful, but according to the Environmental Protection Agency, a cancer-related death due to modern landfills only occurs about once every 50 years. Cancer causes over half a million deaths a year in the United States alone, so one cancer-related death every 50 years doesn't even compare. * â€Å"Although voluntary recycling has its benefits, it is completely unnecessary and wasteful to make it mandatory. † —Aliza Sajjad, 18, Concord, CA

The history of ligers dates Essay

The history of ligers dates to at least the early 19th century in India. In 1798, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844) made a colour plate of the offspring of a lion and a tiger. In 1825, G. B. Whittaker made an engraving of liger cubs born in 1824.[3] The parents and their three liger offspring are also depicted with their trainer in a 19th-century painting in the naà ¯ve style. Two liger cubs born in 1837 were exhibited to King William IV and to his successor Queen Victoria. On 14 December 1900 and on 31 May 1901, Carl Hagenbeck wrote to zoologist James Cossar Ewart with details and photographs of ligers born at the Hagenbeck’s Tierpark in Hamburg in 1897. In Animal Life and the World of Nature (1902–1903), A.H. Bryden described Hagenbeck’s â€Å"lion-tiger† hybrids: It has remained for one of the most enterprising collectors and naturalists of our time, Mr. Carl Hagenbeck, not only to breed, but to bring successfully to a healthy maturity, specimens of this rare alliance between those two great and formidable felidae, the lion and tiger. The illustrations will indicate sufficiently how fortunate Mr. Hagenbeck has been in his efforts to produce these hybrids. The oldest and biggest of the animals shown is a hybrid born on the 11th May, 1897. This fine beast, now more than five years old, equals and even excels in his proportions a well-grown lion, measuring as he does from nose tip to tail 10 ft 2 inches in length, and standing only three inches less than 4 ft at the shoulder. A good big lion will weigh about 400 lb [†¦] the hybrid in question, weighing as it does no less than 467 lb, is certainly the superior of the most well-grown lions, whether wild-bred or born in a menagerie. This animal shows faint striping and mottling, and, in its characteristics, exhibits strong traces of both its parents. It has a somewhat lion-like head, and the tail is more like that of a lion than of a tiger. On the other hand, it has no trace of mane. It is a huge and very powerful beast.[4] In 1935, four ligers from two litters were reared in the Zoological Gardens of Bloemfontein, South Africa. Three of them, a male and two females, were still living in 1953. The male weighed 340 kg (750 lb) and stood a foot and a half (45 cm) taller than a full grown male lion at the shoulder. Although ligers are more commonly found than tigons today, in At Home In The Zoo (1961), Gerald Iles wrote â€Å"For the record I must say that I have never seen a liger, a hybrid obtained by crossing a lion with a tigress. They seem to be even rarer than tigons.† Size and growth The liger is often believed to represent the largest known cat in the world.[1] Males reach a total length of 3 to 3.5 m,[6][7] meaning they are the size of large Siberian tiger males.[8] Imprinted genes may be a factor contributing to huge liger size.[9] These are genes that may or may not be expressed on the parent they are inherited from, and that occasionally play a role in issues of hybrid growth. For example, in some dog breed crosses, genes that are expressed only when maternally-inherited cause the young to grow larger than is typical for either parent breed. This growth is not seen in the paternal breeds, as such genes are normally â€Å"counteracted† by genes inherited from the female of the appropriate breed.[10] Other big cat hybrids can reach similar sizes; the litigon, a rare hybrid of a male lion and a female tiglon, is roughly the same size as the liger, with a male named Cubanacan (at the Alipore Zoo in India) reaching 363 kg (800 lb).[11] The extreme rarity of these second-generation hybrids may make it difficult to ascertain whether they are larger or smaller, on average, than the liger. It is wrongly believed that ligers continue to grow throughout their lives due to hormonal issues.[citation needed] It may be that they simply grow far more during their growing years and take longer to reach their full adult size. Further growth in shoulder height and body length is not seen in ligers over 6 years old, same as both lions and tigers. Male ligers also have the same levels of testosterone on average as an adult male lion, yet areazoospermic in accordance with Haldane’s rule. In addition, female ligers may also attain great size, weighing approximately 320 kg (705 lb) and reaching 3.05 m (10 ft) long on average, and are often fertile. In contrast,pumapards (hybrids between pumas and leopards) tend to exhibit dwarfism. Hercules and Sinbad[ Jungle Island, an interactive animal theme park in Miami, is home to a liger named Hercules, the largest non-obese liger, who is recognised by the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest living cat on Earth, weighing over 410 kg (904 lb).[12] Hercules was featured on the Today Show, Good Morning America, Anderson Cooper 360, Inside Edition and in a Maxim article in 2005, when he was only three years old and already weighed 408.25 kg (900 lb). Hercules is healthy and is expected to live a long life. The cat’s breeding is said to have been a complete accident. Sinbad, another liger, was shown on the National Geographic Channel. Sinbad was reportedly similar in weight to Hercules. Longevity[Shasta, a ligress (female liger) was born at the Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City on 14 May 1948 and died in 1972 at age 24.[citation needed] Valley of the Kings animal sanctuary in Wisconsin had a male liger named Nook who weighed around 550 kg (1,213 lb), and died in 2007, at 21 years old. Hobbs, a male liger at the Sierra Safari Zoo in Reno, Nevada, lived to almost 15 years of age before succumbing to liver failure and weighed in at 410 kilograms (900 lb). Fertility The fertility of hybrid big cat females is well documented across a number of different hybrids. This is in accordance with Haldane’s rule: in hybrids of animals whose sex is determined by sex chromosomes, if one sex is absent, rare or sterile, it is the heterogametic sex (the one with two different sex chromosomes e.g. X and Y). According to Wild Cats of the World (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile: in 1943, a fifteen-year-old hybrid between a lion and an ‘Island’ tiger was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, though of delicate health, was raised to adulthood.[13] In September 2012, the Russian Novosibirsk Zoo announced the birth of a â€Å"liliger†, which is the offspring of a liger mother and a lion father. The cub was named Kiara. Appearance Colour plate of the offspring of a lion and tiger, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Ligers have a tiger-like striped pattern that is very faint upon a lionesque tawny background. In addition they may inherit rosettes from the lion parent (lion cubs are rosetted and some adults retain faint markings). These markings may be black, dark brown or sandy. The background colour may be correspondingly tawny, sandy or golden. In common with tigers, their underparts are pale. The actual pattern and colour depends on which subspecies the parents were and on how the genes interact in the offspring. White tigers have been crossed with lions to produce â€Å"white† (actually pale golden) ligers. In theory, white tigers could be crossed with white lions to produce white, very pale or even stripeless ligers. There are no black ligers. Very few melanistic tigers have ever been recorded, most being due to excessive markings (pseudo-melanism or abundism) rather than true melanism; no reports of black lions have ever been substantiated. As blue or Maltese Tigers probably no longer exist, grey or blue ligers are exceedingly improbable. It is not impossible for a liger to be white, but it is very rare Ligers in the wild: It is unlikely a mating of this type would ever occur in the wild, for a number of reasons. Firstly, lion and tiger habitats do not meet, though you’ll often hear claims that they overlap in one area of the world, this being the Gir National Park and Lion Sanctuary in Bangladesh. The truth is tigers are not found within 100 miles of Gir Forest. Within the sanctuary itself is the only lion subspecies found outside of Africa. This is the very rare Asiatic lion (only a few hundred remain and they face extinction). The lion rules in Gir Forest and no tigers are found there. Tigers are not found in Africa, and are restricted to Asia. Though it is conceivable that a tiger may cross into lion territory, both species are so rare that it is highly unlikely the two would ever meet. On top of this, the Gir Forest is surrounded by farming and agriculture. The lions within the sanctuary are effectively captive in the wild and tigers do not like to cross large stretches of open ground. What would happen if the two species did meet? The very solitary tiger would be little inclined to join in with the more social pride of lions. Apart from periods of mating, tigers even go out of their way to avoid their own species. The Tigon is a hybrid cross between a male Tiger and a female Lion WHY ARE LIGERS SO MUCH BIGGER THAN TIGONS? The large size of the liger and small size of the tigon is due to â€Å"genomic imprinting† – the unequal expression of genes depending on parent of origin i.e. whether certain growth genes are inherited from the male or the female. This is linked to the species’ lifestyle and breeding strategy – whether the female mates with only one male while in heat (non-competitive) or whether she mates with many males (competitive). This results in â€Å"growth dysplasia†. The following explanation is greatly simplified as a number of other genes are contributed unequally by the male and female parents and also affect the general health and longevity of the offspring. Lions live in prides led by several adult males. The lionesses mate with each of those males. Each male wants his offspring to be the ones to survive, but the female’s genes want multiple offspring to survive. The father’s genes promote size of the offspring to ensure that his offspring out-compete any other offspring in the womb at the same time. Genes from the female inhibit growth to ensure that as many offspring as possible survive and that they all have an equal chance. By contrast, tigers are largely solitary and a female on heat normally only mates with one male. There is no competition for space in the womb so the male tiger’s genes do not need to promote larger offspring. There is therefore no need for the female to compensate, so the offspring’s growth goes uninhibited. When a male lion mates with a tigress, his genes promote large offspring because lions are adapted to a competitive breeding strategy. The tigress does not inhibit the growth because she is adapted to a non-competitive strategy. Therefore the offspring (liger) grows larger and stronger than either parent because the effects do not cancel each other out. Ligers take several years to reach full adult size, but it is a myth that ligers never stop growing. When a male tiger mates with a lioness, his genes are not promoting large growth of the offspring because he is adapted to a non-competitive breeding strategy. However, the lioness is adapted to a competitive strategy and her genes inhibit the growth of the offspring. This uneven match means that the offspring (tigons) are often smaller and less robust than either parent. Growth dysplasia has other effects: the size of the placenta may be affected (causing miscarriage), the embryo may be aborted at an early stage due to abnormal growth, the cub may be stillborn or may only survive a few days. In some rodents, mating Species A males with Species B females produces offspring half normal size, but mating Species B males with Species A females cause the offspring to be aborted as they try to grow to several times the normal size. Because of the impossibility of a gene being inherited from only females, there is a competing hypothesis. This hypothesis (allthough not tested) is that the Lion’s sperm is damaged somehow during fertilization and that a growth inhibiting gene is typically destroyed. It is impossible for a gene carried on a chromosomes to be passed along only from the mother. The reason for this is there are no chromosomes that only a female can have. Female Tigons and Female Ligers both possess a tiger X chromosme and a lion X chromosome, yet only the female Ligers will grow large, this means something must happen to either alter the genes or that the cause of the growth dysplasia lies at least partially outside of the genes. Another possible hypothesis is that the growth dysplasia results from the interaction between lion genes and tiger womb enviroment. The tiger produces a hormone that sets the fetal Liger on a pattern of growth that does not end throughout his life. The hormonal hypothesis is that the cause of the male Liger’s growth is his sterility – essentially, the male liger remains in the pre-pubertal growth phase. This is not upheld by behavioural evidence – despite being sterile, many male ligers become sexually mature and mate with females. In addition, female ligers also attain great size but are fertile.

Cold Blood The Trial Of The Century - 1891 Words

In Cold Blood verses the Trial of the Century In Cold Blood brought about many social concerns and it was the cold and brutal facts of such a gruesome murder which was brought to the small town and the innocent family. Capote provided a detailed account and documentation of how the police force and legal system work in America. While the actual murders take up a small percentage of the 400 page novel, its main focus is on the hunt of Smith and Hickock, the trial, and ultimately the execution of the two murderers. Capote explored the frustrations of the police force, the frustration, and the cold facts which surrounded the murder. There is an element of suspense which Capote brought to In Cold Blood as the reader waits for the final execution and in the process learn about mitigating circumstances which made them the way they were. Capote also explored the everyday people and how they are altered in a way such as Smith was. Psychologically, this book or documentation is imperative as it explores how the life he was born into, poor, abused, being shifted from institution, uneducated, and essential.ly a drifter due to these circumstances, shows that the environment has a great impact upon people, especially those that have psychotic personalities. Perry was hopeless and believed that there was no place in life that he fit in so when he met Hickock, a friendship was formed. Not having social skills lends to those finding others that don’t seem to fit into society. InShow MoreRelatedCold Blood : The Trial Of The Century966 Words   |  4 PagesIn Cold Blood verses the Trial of the Century Timelines and storytelling are two of the important aspects of any trial which occurs in the American Courts. The story of â€Å"In Cold Blood† by Truman Capote’s original publication in a four part article in The New Yorker, In Cold Blood was turned into a movie, some would say a documentary of the mass murder, it mirrors the crime O.J. Simpson was accused of in many aspects as being brutal and deliberate but as in both instances the stories appear to bringRead MoreAnalysis Of Christopher Hill s The World Turned Upside Down Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pages In The World Turned Upside Down, Christopher Hill remarks: Most men and women in seventeenth-century England lived in a universe of enchantment, in which God and the fallen angel interceded every day, a universe of witches, faries, and charms. English subjects living in Virginia amid the seventeenth century were the same in this appreciation. The men and ladies who moved to the New World all through the 1600s were results of the same religious society as their English partners. 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The devastating war was, like its precursor, the result of complex and historical political, economic and social tensions. It was th e largest armed conflict in history, and desolated more civilians than ever before. Consequently, it shaped and determined the outcome of the modern world as we know it. Focusing on Germany, it is clear how their post-WWI treatment led to the birthRead MoreThe Wonders of Vitamin C Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesin which we are in a state of constant fear of diseases. From when we are young we are taught repeatedly to wash our hands before every meal and to eat an apple daily. Moreover, we are catechized on a regular basis to bundle up so we do not catch a cold or pneumonia. Likewise, our doctors advise us to visit them annually to make sure we don’t have deficiency related disorders such as scurvy or anemia. What if there is a vitamin that could aid in preventing the aforementioned illnesses? Would it not

The Maori And Indigenous People Of New Zealand Essay

â€Å"The Maori† Introduction: The Maori are an unfriendly and indigenous people of New Zealand. They are culturally related to Eastern Polynesians. They call themselves â€Å"Tongata† meaning the usual or ordinary people. My quest is to give you some insight on their infrastructure, social structure, and super structure. We will take a look at how they survived through the years and also learn about their Tapu (sacredness). Their marriage system, kinship, religious beliefs, and more will be explored. Infrastructure: Subsistence: The Maori subsistence consisted of fishing, hunting and cultivation. They were expert hunters/gatherers and fisherman. They planted potatoes, taro, yams and gourds. (Latham, C. (2009). To catch fish they would create nets and traps they also used fishing line. They Maori gathered berries, roots, shoots and shellfish. Rats were also captured and eaten. During the winter season was when hunting was most important. 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Emotional Intelligence The Intelligence Quotient Essay

Intelligence Quotient was long in the past claimed to dominantly measure the success of individual. However, that conception has been proved to be incorrect since a number of research about Emotional Intelligence were published. They have shown the significant roles of Emotional Intelligence in massive areas which outnumber Intelligence Quotient. Hospitality is among the areas surviving on customer satisfaction, so Emotional Intelligence is really essential helping employees to maintain outstanding performance and enhance relationships with customers. On the other hand, social intelligence has another area, social neuroscience, to get an insight into its nature, from which hospitality people can take advantage to manipulate emotions at the biological-deep level to reach positive social results. Emotional Intelligence, as defined by Reece (2014), is an ability to understand and employ emotional and behavioural factors to achieve success in social relationships, which is broken down into two dimensions: personal competence and social competence. While personal competence concerns the capability of navigating individual’s emotions to a direction that makes it harmonious with rational reason, social competence deals with perceiving other’s emotions to employ interpersonal skills to produce desirable outcomes. Without understanding of the relationship between our own sources of emotions and their effects on ourselves, we are not able to either manipulate them or dealing withShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence ( Eq ) And Emotional Quotient Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesBobby Lindsey Mrs. Ehlers CollegeNow Comp 151 18 September 2016 Emotional Intelligence Many people ponder about the question â€Å"What is Emotional Intelligence (EI) or Emotional Quotient (EQ) and how is it different from Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?† Many people know about Intelligence Quotient or IQ and they probably hope to have a high one, but they may not realize there is also something called EQ and it plays a role in people’s lives every day. EQ is an important concept to learn and understandRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : The Intelligence Quotient ( Iq ) Essay2044 Words   |  9 Pagessome sort of type of intelligence. Many people are familiar with the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), a tool that measures a person’s intelligence based on a series of tests (IQ, 2016), but and very few may have heard of Emotional Quotient (EQ) (also referred to as Emotional Intelligence or EI) even existed. Emotional intelligence is becoming more and more important nowadays than when it was first introduced by Dr. Daniel Goleman in 1995 in the bestseller book Emotional Intelligence, Why It Can Matter MoreRead MoreSocial And Emotional Intelligence Quotient1195 Words   |  5 PagesSocial and emotional intelligence refers to the quotient of competency one possesses in the areas of self-awareness and social awareness. With the ability to be crafted throughout the course of one’s life, SEI is a learned skill or cognitive skill. Thus, one can alter his/her social and emotional intelligence quotient (SEIQ), making it subject to either improvement or decline. SEI is divided into two separate categories of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal. The Intrapersonal category relates to one’sRead MoreThe Importance Of Emotional Intelligence And Emotional Quotient Is Influenced By People Surrounding You812 Words   |  4 PagesThe EiQ assessment was in itself a big challenge to me. I have been a rational person all my life. In my opinion, Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Quotient is influenced by people surrounding you. With this assumpt ion, I would like to review this EiQ assessment. According to the EI assessment some of my greatest emotional strengths are self-awareness, high value integrity, empathy, good impulse control, healthy coping skills and healthy level of self-esteem. I would say the result in exactlyRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Personal Intelligence1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe task to explain emotional intelligence, and give two (2) example of the concept. Second, to examine, the concept of â€Å"emotional quotient† compared to traditional â€Å"intelligence quotient.† Third to suggest two to three (2-3) reasons why leaders’ need emotional intelligence to manage today’s workforce, as well as to speculate on at least two (2) possible consequences should a leader not possess emotional intelligence. Fourth, to explore the elements of emotional intelligence that leaders must beRead MoreEssay on Emotional Inteligence1124 Words   |  5 Pagesthe idea of emotional intelligence. This concept was firstly developed by two American university professors, John Mayer and Peter Salovey (1990) and they concluded that, people with high emotional quotient are supposed to learn more quickly due to their abilities. Another psycologist named Daniel Goleman (1995) extended the theory and also made it well-known. In his articles and books, he argued that people with high emotional quotient do better than those with low emotional quotient. In this essayRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Psychological Intelligence1493 Words   |  6 Pagescalled â€Å"emotional intelligence† which puts you in tune with not only your emotions but the emotions of others as well. This paper will fully explain â€Å"emotional intelligence† along with examples of the concept, examine the theories of â€Å"emotional intelligence† compared to traditional â€Å"intelligence quotient†, suggest reasons why leaders’ need emotional intelligence in today’s workforce, speculate on the consequenc es when leaders do not possess emotional intelligence, explore elements of emotional intelligenceRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Performance And The World Of Academia Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence Introduction Traditionally, the applicant with the higher Intelligence Quotients (IQs) places first in the employment arena. However, Human Resource Managers indicate that candidates with high IQs, but less than desirable Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ) may be questionable in job performance and the world of academia. The purpose of this paper is to define, discuss, and provide examples of emotional intelligence and theories significant to the subject. AdditionallyRead MoreEmotional Quotient1145 Words   |  5 PagesSTUDY SKILLS/PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PORTOFOLIO EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENT By: Name: Andre Suryana Yahya Class: Dip15C Student No.: DipBA1509 Emotional quotient is the ability to sense, understand, and effectively apply the power of your emotions to build relationships compatibility (Estes, 2009). Emotional Intelligence is one of emotional quotient which is very important to allow us to be successful in managing our lives, environment, and the people around us since EQ will helps us to controlRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1107 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to manage one’s emotions in an intelligent manner such that they do not affect the decision-making process. It is also the ability to understand other people emotions, to know the reason for their behaviors and thus be able to communicate with them (Mayer, 2006). Emotional intelligence involves one’s proficiency in realizing and then being able to behaviors, moods and impulses and thus managing

Rediscovering SWOT Integrative Nature †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Rediscovering SWOT Integrative Nature. Answer: Introduction: There are a number of main strategy development tools which are used by organisations for determining various micro and macro factors that affect their business. The companies use these tools to create strategies for addressing current and future business issues and improving the performance of the firm. This paper will discuss three of the most common strategy development tools which are used by organisations across the globe which include Porter five forces model, Resource-based view model and SWOT analysis. In order to understand how each of these models is used, examples of companies from different industries will be analysed in the essay. This essay will evaluate the examples of Woolworths Limited, Honda and BHP Billiton for understanding Porter five forces model, Resource-based view model and SWOT analysis respectively. The five forces model was developed by Michael Porter in 1979, and it assists companies in evaluating the competitiveness of an industry. The potential entrants, substitutes, industry competitors, buyers and suppliers are included in five forces which are useful means of analysing industrial environments and these factors also assists companies in selecting effective strategies for generating a competitive advantage (Jurevicius, 2013). The competition in the industry is an important force because a large number of competitors and their capabilities threaten a corporations profitability. The potential of new entrants is increased if there is a requirement of less time and money and increase in new entrants resulted in increasing competition of an enterprise which negatively affects its growth. The power of suppliers is referred to the ability of suppliers in the industry to raise prices of goods and services (Moreno-Izquierdo, Ramon-Rodriguez and Perles-Ribes, 2016). The power of buye rs is referred to customers ability to drive up prices of products and services. Suppliers power deals with the ability of suppliers to increase the prices of raw materials or services. The threat of substitutes is referred to alternative products or services that can be purchased by customers in place of a companys products which increases competition for the firm. Example Woolworths Limited operates in Australian retailing industry and it is the second largest firm in Australia in terms of revenue. The bargaining power of suppliers low because there are a large number of suppliers available in the industry and the company enters into a contract with them due to which they cannot hike their prices (Arli et al., 2013). The power of customers is low to medium because there are no switching costs for customers. However, customers rely on Woolworths because it offers high quality fresh food products. The threat of new retailers is low because initial investment is high and heavy competition from established market leaders such as Coles, ALDI, Big W and others (Keith, 2012). The threat of substitutes is low to medium because customers can easily purchase products from Woolworths competitors. The competition rivalry is high in the sector because a large number of competitors operate which offers competitive pricing such as Coles, Big W and ALDI. Resource-based View Model Analysis Resource-based view (RBV) model is used while analysing and interpreting resources of a company in order to understand how organisations achieve a sustainable competitive advantage in the industry. The RBV model primarily focuses on the theory of difficult-to-imitate characteristics of an enterprise for analysing sources which have superior performance capabilities which result in providing a competitive advantage of the firm (Nason and Wiklund, 2018). Resources which not be purchased by an enterprise and require an extended learning curve are more likely to be customised as per the companys requirements, and they are more difficult to be imitated by the competitors. The RGV model focuses on an inside-out look at the companys resources and analyses why they succeed or failed in the marketplace. Resources which pass the VRIO model have characteristics of generating a competitive advantage. Both tangible and intangible resources can provide a competitive advantage to an enterprise. The VRIO model analyses resources which are valuable, rare, inimitable and organised (Bromiley and Rau, 2016). This model is used by the top-level management, and they use it by analysing attributes of different resources of the firm and leveraging the once which incorporates characteristics of VRIO model. Example Honda is one of the largest engine manufacturers in the world, and it uses RBV strategy to maintain its competitive advantage in the industry. The company has developed a business strategy which revolves around its strength, expertise and capability in building petrol based engines. The corporation started its operations by building small clip-on engines for bicycles. It expanded its operations by manufacturing engines for scooters and motorbikes. Based on the effectiveness of its resources, the corporation started launching generators, marine engines, car engines, lawn and garden equipment and jet planes (Madhani, 2010). Each of these products required different levels of experience and product knowledge, however, Honda leverages its unique capability to build world-class petrol based engines. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method which is used by organisations for evaluating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a business. It assists in analysing factors that affect the success or failure of our business. The strengths and weaknesses of an enterprise are its internal factors whereas opportunities and threats include external factors (Bell and Rochford, 2016). The internal strengths of a company include positive working environment, leadership effectiveness, and human resource abilities. External opportunities include changing interest rates, relaxation in government regulations, and high competition. This model is used by top-level management of a company. It assists management in developing business strategies that are based on their internal strengths and external opportunities which assist them in improving their profitability and generating a competitive advantage. Example BHP Billiton is an Anglo-Australian mining, metal and petroleum company. The company uses SWOT analysis while developing future business strategies. The strengths of BHP include strong market position, diversified revenue stream, strong international presence, strong workforce and effective corporate social responsibility structure which positive influence its brand image (Pellegrino and Lodhia, 2012). The companys weaknesses include past workplace accident cases which affect its brand image and government intervention in operation. External opportunities include expansion in copper and coal sector, acquisition of smaller enterprises, and associations with global companies. External threats include a reduction in export demand in foreign countries due to improvement in in-house production and intense competition (Floris, Grant and Cutcher, 2013). In order to address these issues, the company focuses on acquiring small enterprises, and it uses effective marketing scheme to in crease its international market. In conclusion, management uses different strategy development tools for analysing micro and macro factors that influence a firms operations. Effective evaluation of these tools provides crucial information to the management which assists them in selecting competitive strategies. Porters five forces framework, Resource-based view model and SWOT analysis are three of the most common strategy development tool which enables management in developing strategies that are focused to addressing business issues and generating a competitive advantage for the company. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R. and Soldo, E. (2013) Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Bell, G.G. and Rochford, L. (2016) Rediscovering SWOTs integrative nature: A new understanding of an old framework.The International Journal of Management Education,14(3), pp.310-326. Bromiley, P. and Rau, D. (2016) Operations management and the resource based view: Another view.Journal of Operations Management,41, pp.95-106. Floris, M., Grant, D. and Cutcher, L. (2013) Mining the discourse: Strategizing during BHP Billiton's attempted acquisition of Rio Tinto.Journal of Management Studies,50(7), pp.1185-1215. Jurevicius, O. (2013) Porters Five Forces. [Online] Strategic Management Insight. Available at: https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/porters-five-forces.html [Accessed 19 April 2018]. Keith, S. (2012) Coles, Woolworths and the local.Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies,2, pp.47-81. Madhani, P.M. (2010) Resource based view (RBV) of competitive advantage: an overview. The ICFEI University Press. Moreno-Izquierdo, L., Ramn-Rodrguez, A.B. and Perles-Ribes, J.F. (2016) Pricing strategies of the European low-cost carriers explained using Porter's Five Forces Model.Tourism Economics,22(2), pp.293-310. Nason, R.S. and Wiklund, J. (2018) An assessment of resource-based theorizing on firm growth and suggestions for the future.Journal of Management,44(1), pp.32-60. Pellegrino, C. and Lodhia, S. (2012) Climate change accounting and the Australian mining industry: exploring the links between corporate disclosure and the generation of legitimacy.Journal of Cleaner Production,36, pp.68-82.

The network society Essay Example

The network society Paper With this rise in the service sector employment there was an inevitable rise in stability in that sector. However this, lead to an increase in both upper and lower levels of the occupational structure. There was an upgrade of the occupational structure in terms of jobs that require increased skill and higher levels of information. (Castells, M. 1996: pp229) The dominance of service sector employment through information technology has lead to significant managerial developments. Call centres and telecentres are workplaces, which are designed and operate with the aim of providing telephonic customer service. These workplaces depend upon state of the art communication and information technology. (Wyatt et. al, 2000: pp184) By incorporating these technologies into the once purely human service the employer is able to monitor the agents efficiency and output in terms of customer interaction. The demand of for customer service outside working hours (Wyatt et. al 2000: pp185) has actually reshaped the working day of the call centres agents and in doing so they have reshaped and it could be said that they have taken control of their social patterns. We will write a custom essay sample on The network society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The network society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The network society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ambition to make every form of work controllable in order to gain a clear indication of efficiency, which can be accounted for on balance sheets, has been an ongoing process since the industrial revolution. This goal of achieving some sort of measurement system has always been achieved through technology. The question is can we attach any form of economic valuation system to a human service? The technology that is used in telecentres are being specifically designed to supply demands for technology which will be able to generate high levels of management information on performance of the individual telecentre agents (Wyatt et. al 2000: pp186) The unpredictability of the of human element in the workplace has been a taunting management ever since the workplace came into being and attempts of gaining control has been pursued ever since. Here again we see the controlling feature of a capitalist system. The question lies whether this was the reason for the transformation. Previous control of efficiency and output was gained trough the commitment of the worker which was determined by job satisfaction, in these call centres however the commitment toward the job is gained through control which is achieved by the monitoring which are common on a Fordist assembly line. In a common factory setting the worker is required to detach himself from his emotional state and attitude and adopt one that will allow them to perform the job most efficiently, this system is being brought into service sector employment by training the agents on specific techniques and attitudes in order to achieve maximum output. There isnt so much a move from manufacturing sector employment to service sector employment but merely a transformation of the service sector to ensure the control and output principals that the manufacturing sector works under. With this flexibility that the network society demands comes the issue of weakening of social intuitions and organisations that served to speak for the worker and even represent the worker. With outsourcing and contractual employment there has been a significant reduction of representation power. The fragmentation of work makes the worker to an extent expendable hence removing their control of the job itself. This fragmentation coupled with the outsourcing of labour renders unions and those they represent powerless. Castells also claims that the unions inability of unions to adapt to the changing worker and organisation has rendered them powerless. He goes on to emphasis that the new network technologies could be just as helpful the unions as it is to organisations in that they can organise labour anywhere and any time. (Castells, M. 1996: pp278). There is said to be strength in numbers, and the capitalist system has noticed this and adopted the warfare strategy of divide and conquer by this I mean there has been a polarisation of the individual in the work environment. With heightened surveillance options at their fingertips management has no need to have workers collectively together to ensure supervision hence work is organised to ensure greater autonomy. It is this transformation of work, the individualisation of labour that Castells (1996) underscores in his work on the Information Age (Castells, M. 1996: pp265). Castells emphasises that this technological transformation especially exacerbates the trend towards increased flexibility of labour. This flexibility is hidden behind the illusion of home-based work and the ability for a work environment to co-exist in a social environment. Capitalism deceptive nature is thus shown again. From control of the occupational environment capitalism goes to the next stage with an attempt to control the culture of society. Culture plays a vital role in the way we think which determines what we consume. The capitalist system has used technology of the Network Society to shape our cultures to suit their needs and objectives. It is an indirect way of shaping and directing our thoughts and emotions. According to Castells our culture is shaped by communication. Previously our languages were our form of communication in the written and heard form, however with the emergence of network technologies the earliest of which was the television (networked through the media channels) the heard written and seen are combined in order to grant the ability to convey views, beliefs and emotions (Castells, M. 1996: pp328-329). Through his writing on The culture of real virtuality Castells shows how communication technologies have become part of our lives (Castells, M. 1996: pp327-375). He however fails to address the avenue of the liberation of society due to the abundance of information and media avenue available. I on the other hand feel that it should be address due to the fact that people have that frame of mind instilled in them which is misleading. Sure there is the element of choice in the media and we choose what we watch, but the communication industry, mainly the media (which includes the internet) is a business like any other and it will broadcast what is profitable. This profitability is determined by information on individuals. It acts on human characteristics such as curiosity and amazement. So whatever amazes us and whatever we enquire about is always best for us. By feeding human character traits our thoughts and in turn our cultures are reshaped to that which exists in the virtual world and suits the capitalistic system. Pierre Levys book, Cyber Culture, (Levy,P : 1997) provides one of the most coherent and persuasive expressions of the contemporary technocultural vision. Levy argues that knowledge is no longer abstract but has become the visible and the tangible expression of the individual and groups who inhabit it; interactive networks work towards the personalisation or incarnation of knowledge (Levy, P. 1997: pp184). This ability to reshape our cultures in effect influences and affects our political ideals. The ability of the Networks and Society to be accessed by politicians has made it a vital breeding ground for election campaigns. The media space has become a battlefield for politicians with weapons such as negative messages, scandal, spin, political marketing and legitimacy (Castells, 1996 : pp362). The political struggle is dependent on the media to such an extent that the media determines consequences, actions and ideals. (Castells. 1996 : pp476). This leads me to the issue of access to the media; by this I mean that media campaigns cost allot money and if the outcome of a campaign is determined by the best media campaign, which in effect depends on the availability of capital, we can assume that those with the money determine political outcomes. We covered all the elements of the network society except for the concept of time which is linked to Castells theory of the space of hows. I have left these two aspects to the end because they actually reveal the capitalist ambitions for control through the network society. Time and space has always been factors of production, which have only been regarded as such fairly recently. New technologies and initially compressed geographical space by reducing relay time of communication. The whole ordering of meaningful events looses its internal chronological rhythm, and becomes arranged in time sequences depending upon the social context of their utilisation (Castells, M. 1996: pp462). Here we see that time itself, an uncontrollable element of human existence, which was thought to be uncontrollable is manipulated to suit consumer trends in order to achieve the ultimate goal of the capitalist system. The capitalist system has thus gained control of the time, which governed the consumers purchasing habits. With new network technologies there is now a twenty-four hour day, which does not consist of, designated times to do specific tasks (Evident in the flexible workers of the network society). This pursuit for control has lead to the relinquishing of control that space has over us. This has lead to the movement from Castells (1996) space of places to the space of flows (Castells, M. 1996: pp276). Space has been a concept, which has been used to emphasize time simultaneity which is based on physical distance between actions, which determine the ability to accomplish various tasks simultaneously. This concept however has changed with technology in the sense that the ability to accomplish more than one task at the same time is no longer bound by vicinity between tasks (Castells, M Inch. 2003: pp56). This space of flows is not just about telecommunication technology but also the pursuit of technology to link places together to achieve the common ambition (eg. Stock Markets). Castells argues that the reason access to this technology in order to form part of the network is not a matter of availability but a matter of choice (Castells, M Inch.2003: pp58). He emphasises the fairness of the space of flows by stating that the first is linked to the third world via the space of flows. This justification however is sceptical and contradicts with his theory of nodes (Castells, M. 1996: pp413). Castells space of flows is made up of nodes. These are information gathering, communication and analysis hubs. These nodes are dependant upon the Network and their inclusion in the network is determined by their value to the network (Castells, M. 1996: pp413). My argument lies in Castells (1996) mentioning the link between the first world and third world, if inclusion into the network is determined by the value to the network then it isnt a matter of fairness but a matter of exploitation, something that has been common in capitalist systems. Under ideals and principles of a capitalist system, from evidence throughout the essay we can see capitalisms fundamental tool, which is control, has been a result or cause for the various elements of the Network Society. So as a concluding point, I would say that the Network Society is a more advanced form of capitalism, which is international, and carefully hidden. IOLS 2B Technology and Work Essay Name : Kubendran Govender Student Number : 202522553 Topic : Castells Network Society. REFERENCE 1. Castells, M. (1985) High Technology, space and society sage publications, inc 2. Castells, M (1996) The rise of the network society Blackwell publishers. 3. Castells, M and Inch (2003) Conservation with Manuell Casteller- blackwell publishers.4. Levy, P (1997) Cyberculture Paris, Edisions Odile Jacob 5. Stanier, T (1983) the wealth of information: a profile of the Post industrial economy London Methusen 6. Susser, I (2002) the Castells reader on cities and social theory Blackwell publishers. 7. Sylvia Downs, (1982) who learns whom training and development 8. Visvanathan, S (2001) knowledge and information in the network society http://www. indiaseminar. com 15/09/03 9. Webster, F (2002) Routledge 10. Wyatt et al (2000) technology and inequality Routledge.